A Level Psychology Approaches Keywords

Learning through association

Learning through positive and negative reinforcement

When a behaviour is rewarded

When a behaviour avoids something unpleasant

Imposing a painful stimulus

The name of the experiment which tested for operant conditioning and involved rats

A stimulus that does not cause the target to react or respond

When the neutral stimulus causes the same response as the unconditional stimulus on its own because they have become 'paired'

When a conditioned response is triggered from a similar conditioned stimulus

The conditioned response is not permanent and if the conditioned stimulus is not shown alongside the unconditional stimulus after a couple of times the conditioned repsonse is not produced.

When the target is able to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus

If the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are again linked this is learnt much quicker than the first time

The belief that we are born we are a "blank slate"

Measures recognition of past information using electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases or pitcures.

The scientific study of biological structures in the brain that underpin cognitive processes

A therotical model used by the congitive approach which contains sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory

A mental set of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They develop from experience

Cognitive factors that influence learning (E.g. Attitudes, Attention , Emotion, Motivations)

When a person associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

Learning from seeing the model being reinforced or punished. Not directly experienced by the observer

Copying the behaviour of others

Imitating the behaviour of a particular model or a person can model a behaviour that may be copied by an observer

The extent to which we notice certain behaviours

How well the behaviour is remembered

The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

The desire to perform the behaviour. This depends on whether it has seen to be rewarded or punished

The part of the mind that we have no awareness

One of the 3 structures of personality and is associated with morality

One of the 3 structures of personality and is associated with pleasure-seeking

Consequence of unresolved conflict

Psychosexual stage which focuses on pleasure within the mouth

Psychosexual stage which focuses on pleasure on the anus

Psychosexual stage which focuses on pleasure on the genital area

The experience boys have when they reach the 3rd psychosexual stage

The experience girls have when they reach the 3rd psychosexual stage

Psychosexual where earlier conflicts are repressed

Psychsexual stage where sexual desires become conscious

These are used to help for a compromise between the structures of personality

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

Transferring feelings from the true source of distress onto a substitute target

When you turn the feeling into its opposite

One of the 3 structures of personality and has to come to a compromise between the other two

The belief that we determine our own development are and responsible for our choices

We are able to focus on improving ourselves when certain needs are met

A chart which displays 4 lower levels of deficency needs and a higher level of growth needs

A stage in the chart which includes breathing, food, water, sleep

A stage in the chart which includes security of body, of employment, of family, of morality

A stage in the chart which includes friendship, family, sexual intimacy (Two names eg. __/__ )

A stage in the chart which includes self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others

A stage in the chart which includes morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice

The person we would like to be

The person we think we are

When there is a big gap between the person you want to be and the person you think you are

In a childhood where a parent could love you no matter what

Person centered therapy

Where there are certain rules to be loved

Twins that share 50% of their genes

Twins that share 100% of their genes

The way a person's genes are expressed physically and behaviourally can be affected by environmental factors

A person's genetic makeup