Milan is the financial and economic capital of Italy, while Rome is the political capital. It is also the third richest urban area in Europe in terms of GDP, after London and Paris.
Congratulations relessness for another attractive and interesting quiz! But the data: No Rio? No Istanbul? No Bangkok? I bet this "study group" is a gaggle from the West who dreamt this list up over morning coffee.
I would also assume a lot of those EVs are sold to people in China which would not count towards the whole "Globalization" that this list looks to show. I would assume if the country of China were broken down into many different countries like the EU is, a lot more Chinese cities would make the list.
Rio is ranked as a Beta city. Bangkok and Istanbul are Alpha - cities. But, according to Wikipedia, so is Jakarta. I think Jakarta is included on the quiz by mistake.
Well I am also confused on what makes a city an "Alpha City". Almost all of these cities are most populous in their country (unless there are multiple in the same country." But if it were population based then why aren't Lagos, Cairo, Delhi, Lima, Istanbul, Manila, or Ho Chi Minh City which are all considerably larger than some of these cities.
I'd never heard of this ranking before and did some research - apparently several factors are considered, but economics carries more weight than size, cultural, or political factors. Basically it's those cities which best integrate, connect and provide links with, and promote global economics.
I'm presuming the cities have to have some global influence. Which is probably why Brussels is in it, considering that it is where the EU is mainly based
So far, that can change as both it's population and economies keep growing at a fast pace. When I was born, Chiina was considered a Third World country. Look where they're at right now...
This might not be what you asked for, but I recently created a quiz using the GaWC 2018 study, and added all the Alpha, Beta and Gamma cities to a map, in case you wanted to check it out ;) Here it is
If this is just business and not politics, I would still think the lobbyists buying laws in Washington is a massive economy and influence on the world in its own right. If politics alone enter in any way, D.C. is clearly the most influential in that respect.
They're with importance for the global economic. Guess Alpha > Alpha+ > Alpha++ sounds better than important city > super important city > even more than super important city. :-P
either global or world is redunant in the title. You can't put global cities on a local map without it being false and while you could put local cities on a global map....why?
There is nothing redundant, they are global cities and it is the world map. In this quiz there are 8 global cities in Europe. So they could have given the map of europe and have us just guess the European global cities.
I agree but Delhi, Bangkok, Seoul, Osaka, Manila, Bangalore, Guangzhou-Shenzhen, San Francisco, Istanbul, Riyadh, and Buenos Aires seem like they might have a place
how is dubai more important than la, dubai is some kind of joke of a city, a bunch of rich people's vacation place built on slave labor, here in la we have one of the world's largest city economies, 18 million people, the largest cargo port in the western hemisphere, the rich people's houses and we're way more iconic
Unless it was addressed in a comment above that I missed, why is Luxembourg considered an Alpha city in this particular survey? At first glance, it wouldn't appear to be on a par with cities such as New York, London, Paris, etc.
Must have something to do with all the European Union and business institutions located there. Still, putting it on par with Houston, San Francisco, Riyadh, or Berlin is inane.
The Eurocentrism seems to make sense with the EU. The countries have a lot more freedom of trade amongst each other and are much closer together. Since the list looks to show which cities are contributing to "Globalization," trade and finances between different provinces in China or states in India wouldn't contribute to the list, as far as my understanding goes. Even though there may be as much trade and finances moving within China or India as there is moving within the EU.
The more I look into the data on their website, the more Luxembourg makes sense. Especially this quote, "and Luxembourg (mostly via funds) is more connected than Tokyo when only international financial ties are considered" from this research article: https://doi.org/10.1080/2833115X.2025.2463668
But most of the things they list don't even have Lisbon showing up in their visuals. The only one that I could see where Lisbon was ranked highly (or even at all) was this one: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980220080011 which I couldn't view entirely because it was behind a paywall.
It’s surprising, but it’s possible the Web Summit actually plays a significant role in putting Lisbon on the map. I'm not sure how influential it really is, especially outside the EU but visibility alone seems to count for a lot. Now on the same rank as SF...I don't know, it´s a big stretch.
While Moscow is much more historically, culturally, and economically significant than those around its current ranking, the core of the ranking is based on Globalization and Global Trade. I would assume Moscow has dropped the past couple years due to obvious reasons.
And to be fair to the list, Moscow is on the same level as Naples, Cologne, The Hague, Brasilia, Abuja, Alexandria, Kolkata, Ankara, Liverpool, and others that are perfectly respectable and recognizable cities, so this may be more about Blantyre and George Town doing better than we would have expected than about Moscow being too low.
And still this is ridiculous. Just look at the GDP: in 2023 it exceeded 500 billion USD in Moscow, which is more than in Toronto or Munich (and I don't even mention PPP differences between Russia and Canada or Germany). That's just politicized list.
I do wish they would show their actual formula of calculating what all goes into this unless it really is just a bunch of people sitting around talking about ideas instead of looking at actual financial data.
The GDP generated in Moscow, now more than ever, would almost entirely be domestic generation.
As this is a list of cities of importance to their global economic importance, Moscow's exclusion is no surprise. Russia has become very isolated.
To say that Moscow is more important to the world economy than Toronto or Bangkok or Munich not an accurate reflection of Moscow's standing in the world currently.
Argh that Chinese city near Macau, I must have tried about six different combinations of spelling for it and all were wrong. Some day the spelling of its name will stick in my head. Some day!
KL is an out-and-out metropolis, Athens isn't.
So that might be why
I noticed however you have spelled it "Sau" instead of ''Sao'' which does not work.
I guess the same with Shenzhen, though it probably gets lumped in with Hong Kong.
(And hey, isn't every city on the globe? ;) )
I'm not good with usa cities
It seems like it's hard to determine what makes a city important. I'd like to look past population, and quotas.
On the same note, why is Lisbon on the same tier as San Francisco?
I guess tourism and golden visas are just as important as technology which is disrupting the whole world. Way too Eurocentric.
San Francisco should be Alpha+ and Lisbon (and Luxembourg) off the list entirely.
The total market capitalization of the entire Portuguese stock market is $30 billion. That's less than 1% of the value of Google alone.
As lovely as Lisbon is to visit, if it vanished tomorrow, the effect on world trade would be essentially nil.
But most of the things they list don't even have Lisbon showing up in their visuals. The only one that I could see where Lisbon was ranked highly (or even at all) was this one: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980220080011 which I couldn't view entirely because it was behind a paywall.
And to be fair to the list, Moscow is on the same level as Naples, Cologne, The Hague, Brasilia, Abuja, Alexandria, Kolkata, Ankara, Liverpool, and others that are perfectly respectable and recognizable cities, so this may be more about Blantyre and George Town doing better than we would have expected than about Moscow being too low.
As this is a list of cities of importance to their global economic importance, Moscow's exclusion is no surprise. Russia has become very isolated.
To say that Moscow is more important to the world economy than Toronto or Bangkok or Munich not an accurate reflection of Moscow's standing in the world currently.