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1. Bangkok, 1760
Bangkok was controlled by the Ayutthaya Kingdom between the early 15th century and 1767, when the kingdom was invaded by the Third Burmese Empire.
Khmer Empire
Kingdom of Thonburi
France
Ayutthaya Kingdom
2. Cyprus, 1544
Venice controlled Cyprus from 1489 until 1571, when it was conquered by the Ottomans.
Republic of Venice
Ottoman Empire
Duchy of Athens
Kingdom of Sicily
3. San Antonio, 1830
San Antonio was controlled by the First Mexican Republic between 1823 and 1836, after which it was controlled by the Republic of Texas.
First Mexican Republic
Republic of Texas
United States
Spain
4. Gloucester, 790
Gloucester was located in Wessex in the late 6th century. It later became part of the minor kingdom of Hwicce, which became a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia in 628. Hwicce was no longer a kingdom by around 780, as it became part of Mercia. Gloucester then became part of Wessex again sometime between 877 and 883, when Mercia submitted to Alfred the Great.
Kingdom of England
Mercia
Wessex
Kingdom of Gwynedd
5. Alexandria, 21 BC
Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC when Cleopatra was deposed by Octavian (who would later become Augustus, the first Roman emperor).
Nabataean Kingdom
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Roman Empire
Parthian Empire
6. Tashkent, 1391
The city, which had been destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219, was restored while it was part of the Timurid Empire.
Timurid Empire
Ilkhanate
Khanate of Bukhara
Seljuk Empire
7. Bogotá, 1809
Colombia gained its independence from Spain in 1819.
Spain
Gran Colombia
Republic of New Granada
Empire of Brazil
8. Barcelona, 541
Barcelona was the capital of the kingdom between 507 and 542.
Francia
Byzantine Empire
Visigothic Kingdom
Principality of Catalonia
9. Pataliputra, 90 BC
Pataliputra became the capital of the Shunga Empire after the founder Pushyamitra Shunga assassinated the final Maurya emperor.
Maurya Empire
Nanda Empire
Gupta Empire
Shunga Empire
10. Palau, 1923
The Empire of Japan took control of Palau from Germany in 1914.
Netherlands
Empire of Japan
Germany
United States
11. Gdańsk, 1350
The city was captured by the State of the Teutonic Order in 1308.
State of the Teutonic Order
Kingdom of Poland
Duchy of Pomerelia
Sweden
12. Luanda, 1969
Angola won its independence in 1975 following a thirteen year long war.
Portugal
Zaire
Germany
Angola
13. Bordeaux, 1209
The duchy had Bordeaux as its capital.
Duchy of Burgundy
Duchy of Lorraine
Duchy of Gascony
Duchy of Normandy
14. Babylon, 520 BC
The city was captured by the Persians in 539 BC.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Achaemenid Empire
Macedonia
Neo-Babylonian Empire
15. Dominican Republic, 1824
Haiti controlled all of Hispaniola between 1822 and 1844.
I did even worse on this than on your 'which came first', but another great quiz, and again, I really like the information you give to explain at the end