Biology topic 8

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Last updated: February 12, 2025

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Hint	Answer
how is dna organised into chromosomes	wrapped around histones to form a dna histone complex
which eukaryotic organelles contain dna	nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
describe the structure of dna in mitochondria and chloroplasts	short, circular, not associated with histones
what is a gene	short section of dna that codes for a polypeptide
what's a locus	specific position along a chromosome where a gene is located
what is the genetic code	sequence of bases that code for amino acids
what's a triplet	sequence of 3 dna bases that code for a single amino acid
why is the genetic code universal	each dna triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms
why is the genetic code described as being non-overlapping	each base in the dna sequence is only read once
why is the genetic code degenerate	most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet
what's a genome	the complete set of genes within a cell
whats a proteome	full range of proteins that a cell is capable of producing
which process synthesises mRNA molecules	transcription
What is the role of mRNA	carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
Describe the structure of mRNA molecules	single-stranded and linear
What is a codon	a sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that code for an amino acid

Hint	Answer
What is the role of tRNA	transports amino acids to the ribosomes to build up a polypeptide chain
What is an anticodon	a sequence of 3 bases at one end of a tRNA molecule
What are the similarities between mRNA and tRNA molecules	single-stranded,contain ribose, phosphate and nitrogenous bases
What is transcription	the process of copying the genetic code from DNA onto an mRNA molecule
Why do hydrogen bonds need to be broken in transcription	to unwind the double helix and separate the DNA strands
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription	forms phosphodiester bonds between RNA nucleotides to form an mRNA molecule
What happens when RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal	it stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA
What is splicing	process of removing introns from a pre-mRNA molecule
why does prokaryotic mRNA not undergo splicing	Prokaryotic DNA does not contain introns
What is translation	process of using mRNA and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain
Where does an mRNA molecule initially bind to a ribosome	start codon on mRNA
Where in the cell does translation take place	ribosomes
Which part of a tRNA molecule binds to an mRNA molecule	anticodon
How many tRNA molecules bind to a ribosome at a time	2
During translation, what happens when a ribosome reaches a stop codon	polypeptide chain detaches from the ribosome
how are amino acids joined together in the process of translation	using ATP to form a peptide bond between them

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