This key thinker argues capitalism was to be replaced by the communist system of small units which should, as far as possible, be self-sufficient:
-His conversion (from socialism to anarchism) was mainly the result of his visit to the Jura Federation in Switzerland where he observed an experiment in cooperative production and living among a community of watch-makers who pooled their resources and the profits of their work.
-These communities, based on a single occupation, were self-governing cooperatives where the workers operated without any government and shared the fruits of their production equally.
-His plans were mainly described in 'Fields, Factories and Workshops' (1898).
-His brand of anarcho-communism proposed the creation of natural communities (communes).
-These would be smaller-scale communities than those described by Bakunin.
-His argument was that if people were free to join whichever community they wished, they would not be subjected to any force.
-He stated, 'Don't compete! - Competition is always injurious to the species, and you have plenty of resources to avoid it!'
-Without scarcity, he argued, there would be no competition, and without competition, there would be no inequality.
-In 'Mutual Aid' (1902), he insisted that the competitive economic world was not inevitable - with cooperation and communal living, mankind could free itself from the structures of being forced into competition for scarce resources.