English Language - U2 glossary

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Last updated: August 20, 2024

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First submitted	August 20, 2024
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Hint	Answer
the study of the sounds of human speech	phonetics
the study of how sounds function within languages	phonology
a standardised system of notation for the sounds of spoken language	the International Phonetic Alphabet
the representation of English speech sounds using a system like the IPA	the transcription of English
the smallest units of meaning in a language – whole words or parts of words	morphemes
the core part of a word that carries the primary meaning	root morpheme
the part of a word that remains when all affixes are removed	stem morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone as a word	free morpheme
a morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word	bound morpheme
a morpheme such as a prefix, infix, or suffix	affix
an affix at the beginning of a word	prefix
an affix inserted within a word	infix
an affix at the end of a word	suffix
a suffix that shows tense, case, or number	inflectional morpheme
a morpheme to create a new word or change the word class	derivational morpheme
the study of the structure of words and how they change	morphology
the use of specific morphological forms to create patterns in language	morphological patterning
the adding of an affix to a root or stem to form a new word	affixation
the shortened form of a word or phrase.	abbreviation
the length of a word is altered by removing syllables	shortening
combining two or more words to create a new word	compounding
combining parts of two words to create a new word	blending
the removal of an affix from an existing word	backformation
changing the word class of a word without altering its form	conversion of word class
the first letters of each word in a phrase, pronounced separately	initialism
the first letters of a phrase, pronounced as a word	acronym
a shortened form of a word (group) – an apostrophe indicates omissions	contraction
categories of words, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.	word class
words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea	nouns
words that replace nouns to avoid repetition	pronouns
words that describe an action, state, or occurrence	verbs
helping verbs used with a main verb to express tense, mood, or voice	auxiliary verbs
verbs that express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability	modal verbs
words that describe or modify nouns	adjectives
words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs	adverbs
used to show the relationship between a noun and another word	prepositions
words that link clauses, sentences, or words	conjunctions
conjunctions that link words or clauses of equal rank	coordinators
conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses	subordinators
words that introduce nouns and specify their reference	determiners
words or phrases that express strong emotions or reactions	interjections
the study of words, their meanings and origins	lexicology
a newly coined word or expression	neologism
words adopted from one language into another	borrowings
when a brand name or proper noun becomes a common noun	commonisation

Hint	Answer
the process of turning a verb or adjective into a noun	nominalisation
the disappearance of a word from a language	word loss
when words become outdated and are no longer in use	obsolescence
a word that is no longer in everyday use and seems old-fashioned	archaism
groups of words in a sentence but do not contain a subject-verb pair	phrases
a phrase that has a noun (or pronoun) as its main word	noun phrase
a phrase that includes a verb and its complements, objects, or adverbials	verb phrase
a phrase where an adjective is the head, possibly with other words	adjective phrase
a phrase where an adverb is the head, possibly with other words	adverb phrase
a phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun	prepositional phrase
the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences	syntax
groups of words in a sentence that contain a subject and a predicate	clauses
the part of a sentence or clause indicating who or what performs the action	subject
the entity that is acted upon by the subject in a sentence	object
it contains a verb and states something about the subject	predicate
a word, phrase, or clause necessary for completing a given expression	complement
a word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or sentence	adverbial
a clause linked to another with a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but")	coordinating clause
a clause that provides additional information and cannot stand alone	subordinating clause
the arrangement of words in a sentence varies due to sentence type	sentence structures
incomplete sentences that lack a subject, verb, or complete thought	sentence fragments
a sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clauses	simple sentence
a sentence with at least two independent clauses, a conjunction or ;	compound sentence
a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent one	complex sentence
a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one dependent one	compound-complex sentence
a sentence that makes a statement	declarative sentence
a sentence that gives a command or request	imperative sentence
a sentence that asks a question	interrogative sentence
a sentence that expresses strong emotion	exclamative sentence
the sequence in which words are arranged in a sentence	word order
a common sentence structure in English where the subject comes first	subject-verb-object word order
words or phrases that describe or qualify a noun within a noun phrase	modifiers in a noun phrase
words that act as adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, or entire sentences	adverbials
the concept dealing with the relationship between idea & its representation	the relation of meaning and sign
the study of meaning in language, of words, phrases, and sentences	semantics
the study of the origin and historical development of words	etymology
the process by which the meaning of a word changes over time	semantic change
a type of semantic change where a word's meaning becomes more general	broadening
a type of semantic change where a word's meaning becomes more specific	narrowing
a type of semantic change where a word's meaning changes entirely	shift
a semantic change where a meaning becomes more positive or prestigious	elevation
a semantic change where a meaning becomes more negative or pejorative	deterioration
the literal or primary meaning of a word	denotation
the denotation remains the same but the associations of a word change	changing connotation