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Hint
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Answer
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Starts on older leaves and moves to newer tissues, chlorosis of leaf tips and tissue between veins, later symptoms are necrosis
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Photosynthetic inhibitor symptoms
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IUPAL name that gives proper chemical notation to completely describe compound structure
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Chemical name
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Slightly toxic
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Caution
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Trade name, active ingredient, inert/other ingredients, EPA regulation #
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Herbicide label overview
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Applying into visible weeds (burndown, in-crop)
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Post-emergence
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Plant incorperated protectants
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PIPs
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Living plant parts
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Symplast
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Structure moving proteins, sugars, amino acids up and down the plant
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Phloem
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First law specifically addressing pesticides, supported by arsenic poisoning in UK
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Food and Drug Act of 1906
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Overstimulate auxin hormone response, symptoms can occur within hours, mimics auxin
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Growth regulators
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Inhibits NADPH production
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Bipyridiliums
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Must possess proper license, for use only by certified applicators, when giving to others - person with license is liable
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Restricted use
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Invasive species often are more competitive than native species
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Better competition hypothesis
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Chemicals produced by weeds are more effective in new environment than in old environment
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Novel weapons theory
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Herbicide is caried through soil profile by water
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Leaching
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Application rate is 1x labeled rate (weeds)
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Susceptible
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Kills weeds and non-desirable crops
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Selective herbicide
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Representative herbicide (phenyl pyridazinones)
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Norflurazon
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Unregistered use for limited time, EPA must determine "emergency", authorized up to 1 year, supported by written letters
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Section 18 permit
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Representative herbicide (triazines)
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Atrazine
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Concentrated systemic herbicide, wipes solution on the crop, weeds typically must be taller than the crop
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Rope-wick applicator
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Herbicide runs off with soil particles
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Runoff
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Representative herbicide (ureas)
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Diuron
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Nucleus membrane
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Nuclear membrane
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Extended regulation to all herbicide, regulates sales in US and between countries, responsibility shifted from USDA to EPA, misuse transferred to applicator
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1972 FIFRA amendment
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Pesticide activity/composition validation, proposed label conforms to EPA standards, no adverse affects on non-target organisms/environment
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EPA Petitioning
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Fear of lipids, water soluble
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Lipophobic
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Structure used to move herbicide between cells
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Plasmodesmata
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1. Uptake/translocation to chloroplast 2. Diverts electron, generates reactive oxygen species 3. Initiates autocatalytic lipid peroxidation 4. Cells die 5. Plants die
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Bipyridilium Mode of Action
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Plants living outside their natural geographic regions
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Non-indigenous
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No adverse effects on environment, safe for use, unclassified
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General use
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Inhibit ACCase by binding to it
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Lipid synthesis inhibitor mechanism of action
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Herbicide from solid/liquid to gas, influenced by vapor pressure
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Volatility
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Targeted application, primarily in orchards/specialty crops, directed spray
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Banded application
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Sequence of events following initial application of an herbicide until final effect is observed
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Mode of action
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Moderately toxic
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Warning
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Surface application prior to planting
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Pre-plant
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Important soil herbicides in corn/grain sorghum production
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Photosynthetic inhibitor key point
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Herbicide interacts with soil particles
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Adsorption
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Herbicide tilled into soil (PPI)
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Pre-plant incorperated
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Phytoene desaturase
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Norflurazon
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Treating an entire area (ground application, aerial, herbigation)
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Broadcast application
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Killing everything while green
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Brownout
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Herbicide/chemical doing the work
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Active ingredient
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Refers to passage of an herbicide through the surface of a particle
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Absorption
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DOXP synthase
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Clomazone
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1. Uptake/translocation to chloroplast 2. Inhibition of electron transfer 3. Light energy to chlorophyll generates reactive oxygen species 4. Initiates autocatalytic lipid peroxidation 5. Cells die 6. Plants die in 7-10 days
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Triazine, Ureas, Uracils Mode of Action
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Water loving, water soluble
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Hydrophilic
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Application rate is >10x labeled rate (crops/weeds)
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Resistant
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Release of absorbed and adsorbed herbicide from soil, helped by rain
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Activation
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Non-living plant parts
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Apoplast
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EPA
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Environmental Protection Agency
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Diverts electron from PS1 and reacts with O2
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Bipyridilium Mechanism of action
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Representative herbicide (Bipyridilium)
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Paraquat
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No substance known to cause cancer can be put in animal/human food
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FIFRA Delaney Cancer Clause
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Representative herbicide (triketones)
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Mesotrione
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Application rate is 2-10x labeled rate (crop)
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Tolerant
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Synthetic or natural compound designed to control unwanted vegetation
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Herbicide
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Set standard that products had to contain a list of active ingredients and quantity included
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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Zeta-carotene desaturase
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Fluridone
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fops/dims
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Lipid synthesis inhibitors
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Invasives quickly grow to population that is too high to eradicate
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Smeda theory
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Water-soaking on leaves (dark green appearance), necrosis and death of all parts contacted, drift injury is speckling
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Bipyridilium symptoms
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Simplified version of chemical name (ex: Glyphosate)
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Common Name
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A weed designated by state or national authorities as a plant that is injurious to agriculture and/or horticultural crops and/or humans and livestock
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Noxious
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Application post planting, prior to crop/weed emergence
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Pre-emergence
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New geographical areas with no predators, rapid growth, aren't recognized as invasive, prolific reproduction, thrive in multiple habitats, defense mechanisms to disadvantage other crops, exploit limiting factors
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How plants become invasive
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Established that this can only be applied from 7:30am-5:30pm, only sprayed on resistant cotton/soybeans, June 10 cutoff date, buffer distance of 240 ft to sensitive crops, must spray on days with no wind
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2023 Dicamba Law in Missouri
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Lipid loving, not water soluble
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Lipophile
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All contacted tissue affected, nonselective, damage is as uniform as coverage
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Bipyridilium
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Total cations in soil that can be contained
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CEC
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Ratio of herbicide bound to soil vs. free in soil solution
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Soil Sorption Coefficient
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Each use of a pesticide contributes a specific amount of exposure risk to humans, all uses combined/added, when full, no additional uses of pesticides are permitted, 1/10 normal amount for children
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Risk Cup
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Acts as antenna complex to harvest more light, assist in transferring light energy to PSII, Scavenges oxygen radicles
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Carotenoids
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1. Uptake/translocation to chloroplast 2. Inhibits ACCase 3. Lipid synthesis stops 4. Plant growing point dies 5. Plants die
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Lipid synthesis inhibitor mode of action
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Representative herbicide (uracils)
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Turbacil
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Consists of ligning called suberin
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Casparian Strip
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Fear of water, lipid soluble
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Hydrophobic
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Blocks function of glutamine synthetase, ammonium levels build up impacting photosynthesis
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Gluphosinate
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Only issued by EPA, company must apply, sought if awaiting approval, not required if <10 acres land/<1 acre water, effective for 1 year, EPA can extend
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Early use permit
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Movement through non-living plant parts
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Apoplastic
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Upon introduction, healthy plants are produced, natural predators left behind
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Enemy release hypothesis
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Effect of radiation on internal chemical bonds, can eliminate herbicide activity, changes parent molecule
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Photodegredation
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Cell membrane
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Plasmalemma
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Targets process in PSII that prevents electron transfer from Qa to Qb
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Triazines, Ureas, Uracils mechanism of action
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FIFRA
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Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
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Originally enforced by USDA - now EPA, put into place safety requirements for pesticide development, placed burden of safety on sponsoring company, stopped shipment of unapproved chemicals, updated in 1958
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FIFRA
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Targets specific weeds in certain areas, intended for post application, used in turf/specialty crops/pastures/forested areas
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Spot spraying
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All plants contacted by chemicals are affected
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Non-selective herbicide
|
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Off-target injury, spray tank contamination, movement into environment, persistence/carryover, disposal of containers/residues, crop injury following application, incomplete weed control, toxicity to humans/animals
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Disadvantages of herbicides
|
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Targeted unethical people from selling chemicals that did not do what was stated, Administered by USDA, didn't address health risks
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Insecticide Act of 1910
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Blocks HPPD
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Mesotriones
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Vacuole membrane
|
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Tonoplast
|
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Compounds to make the herbicide soluble or miscible in water (liquids in water formulations, clay in solid forms)
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Inactive ingredient
|
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Pesticide injected into an irrigation system
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Herbigation
|
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Structure moving water, nutrients up the plant
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Xylem
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Biological selectivity, control in advantageous spots, reduce tillage dependence, controls broad aray of life cycles
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Advantages of herbicides
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Embedded wax, cutin matrix
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Lipophilic cutin matrix
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Very lipophilic wax layer
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Epicuticular wax
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Identify plant, eliminate factors that encourage/favor invasive species, use effective tools, establish native species to fill the space
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Invasive species management
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Movement through living plant parts
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Symplastic
|
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Abolished Delaney clause, new standards of "reasonable certainty regarding pesticide safety" (no more than 1/1,000,000 chance), children considered special case (1/10 normal amount)
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Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
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Chloroplast membrane
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Inner/outer envelope
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Root system (casparian strip), foliar (cuticle, hair)
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Major barriers restricting herbicide uptake
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Inhibits specific enzymes in plants
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Pigment inhibitors Mechanism of action
|
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Materials designed to help herbicide not react with water, penetrate the cuticle, stay on target, spread evenly on leaf, form emulsion, not freeze
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Additives
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Tissue in sensitive plants bleached, leaf tips sometimes tinged purple
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Pigment inhibitors symptoms
|
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Representative herbicide (isoxazolidones)
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Colmazone
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Interference of a herbicide with a specific biochemical or molecular process that leads to injury/death
|
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Mechanism of action
|
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Non-indigenous species/strain that become established in natural plant communities
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Invasive
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1. Uptake/translocation to chloroplast 2. Inhibits specific enzyme 3. Carotenoids and xanthophylls no longer made 4. Photosynthesis in new tissue stops 5. ROS generated aren't quenched 6. Cells die 7. Plants die
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Pigment inhibitors mode of action
|
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Inhibit chlorophyll synthesis and causes lipid peroxidation, browning and necrosis on leaf tissue
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Diphenyl ethers
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Shield crop from potentially toxic chemical
|
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Directed spray
|
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Very toxic
|
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Danger
|
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Proprietary name of pesticide, typically trademarked
|
|
Tradename
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