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Hint
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Answer
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Composition of absorbed water used in photosynthesis or other metabolic processes
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1%
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Can theoretically be accounted for by solute and pressure potential, but can't be easily separated into these, often omitted when considering water potential
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Matric potential
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High requirement for reducing agents to transform from sulfite to sulfide
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Sulfur assimilation
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C4 typical water loss per gram of CO2 gained
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250-300g
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Measure of the average photosynthetic efficiency of leaves in a crop community, doesn't account for photosynthesis in non-leaf parts
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Net assimilation rate
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Biological process by which reduced organic compounds are mobilized and subsequently oxidized in a controlled manner
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Aerobic respiration
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Nutrients part of carbon compounds
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N,S
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Nutrients involved in redox reactions
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Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo
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Difference in water vapor concentration between the leaf air space and the external air, the diffusion resistance of this pathway
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Transpiration
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Spontaneous movement of substances from regions of higher to lower concentration
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Diffusion
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C3 photosynthetic N use efficiency
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23%
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Carbohydrate conversion into hexose phosphates
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Glycolysis phase one
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NAR*LAI
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CGR
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Associated with the conversion of the non-structural products of photosynthesis into new structures such as structural carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, lignins, and organic acids
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Growth respiration
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Stems water composition
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70-85%
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Gravity causes water to move downward unless the force of gravity is opposed by an equal and opposite force
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Gravity potential
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Apoplast, symplast, transmembrane
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Water uptake pathways
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Gas bubble forms in column of water and expands until column collapses
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Cavitation
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GS
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Glutamine Synthetase
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Dry matter accumulation/(unit leaf area*time)
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Net assimilation rate
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Leaf tissue water composition
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80-90%
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Hydrostatic pressure of the solution
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Pressure potential
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Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward the region of more negative water potential
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Osmosis
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Vessel elements stacked end to end form large conduits
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Vessels
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Proportionality constant that measures how easily a substance moves through a medium, function of substance type/medium/temperature
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Diffusion coefficient
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Unit of light interception per unit LAI
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Extinction coefficient
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Amount of biomass accumulated per solar energy received during growing season.
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Radiation use efficiency
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Nutrients part of energy storage/structural integrity
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P, B, (Si)
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Two types of tracheary elements
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Tracheids, vessel elements
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Attraction of water to a solid surface
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Adhesion
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Effective within cellular dimensions but is too slow for mass transport over long distances
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Diffusion
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Nutrients that remain in ionic form
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K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Ni, Mo
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LAI at which canopy first reaches maximum crop growth rate
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Critical leaf area index
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Complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2, generates reducing power (NADH, FADH2) and 1 ATP
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Location of the driving force for water movement through plants
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Leaves
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Solute (osmotic) potential + pressure potential + gravity + matric potential
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Water potential
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Depends on the pressure gradient and soil hydraulic conductivity
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Rate of water flow in soil
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CAM typical water loss per gram of CO2 gained
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50-100g
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Energy needed to separate molecules from liquid phase to gas
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Latent heat of vaporization
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Maximum force per unit area that a continuous column of water can withstand before breaking
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Tensile strength
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Acts as a barrier to water and solute movement
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Suberin
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Depend on driving forces and hydraulic conductivity
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Water transport rates
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Band of radical cell walls in the endodermis that is impregnated with the wax-like, hydrophobic substance suberin
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Casparian strip
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Water content of a soil after it has been saturated with water and excess water has been allowed to drain
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Field capacity
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Rate of photosynthesis excluding material lost to respiration in the light. Rate observed during standard photosynthetic gas exchange measurements
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Net photosynthesis
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Allow proteins to cross the membrane without generating ATP
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Uncoupling proteins
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GOGAT
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Glutamine Oxoglutarate Aminotransferase
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Dry matter accumulation/(unit ground area*time)
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Crop growth rate
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Mutual attraction between 2 similar molecules
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Cohesion
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Depends on maintenance of biomass, growth, ion transport
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Rate of transpiration
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Partial oxidation of sugars to organic acids, yields small amount of energy (ATP), and reducing power (NADH)
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Glycolysis
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Area under the LAI curve
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Leaf Area Duration
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Effect of dissolved solutes on water potential, reducing the free endergy of water by diluting the water
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Osmotic potential
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Cytosolic concentration of K
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100-200 mM
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Very good at high concentrations
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Low-affinity transporter
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Vacuolar concentration of K
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10-200 mM
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Breaks down ammonium
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GS-GOGAT
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Mass flow, diffusion, crossing membranes by diffusion (across lipid bilayer or aquaporins)
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Water transport from soil to roots
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Energy conserving phase, triose phosphate oxidation and formation of pyruvate, release of ATP and NADH
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Glycolysis phase two
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Leaf area (one side) per unit ground area
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Leaf area index
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Measure of the ease with which water moves through the soil, varies with soil type
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Soil hydraulic conductivity
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Critical LAI in place during period of highest solar energy, maintain active leaf area over the major portion of the solar energy peak
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Highest Yield Potential
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Point at which the water potential of the soil is so low that plants cannot regain turgor pressure even if all water loss through transpiration ceases, water potential of the soil is less than or equal to the osmotic potential of the plant
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Permanent wilting point
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Breaks down nitrate
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Nitrate reductase
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Transfer of electrons from NADH (and related species) to oxygen and synthesis of ATP
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Breaks down nitrite
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Nitrite reductase
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Mature plants sufficiently crowded to use all resources efficiently, yet not so crowded that some plants die or are unproductive, community production is optimized
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Optimum plant density
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Composition of absorbed water used for growth
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2%
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Root axial resistance, root radical resistance, stem xylem resistance, leaf xylem resistance, stomata resistance, leaf outside xylem resistance
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Plant hydraulic pathway
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C3 typical water loss per gram of CO2 gained
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400-500g
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Weak electrostatic attraction between water molecules and other molecules that contain electronegative atoms
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Hydrogen bonds
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Export of sulfur assimilated in leaves to site of protein synthesis, important antioxidant, precursor to phytochelatins-detoxification of heavy metals
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Glutathione
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C4 photosynthetic N use efficiency
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7%
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Total amount of light energy converted into biochemical energy, Net photosynthesis + respiration in light
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Gross photosynthesis
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Starter fertilizer, higher plant densities, more uniform plant spacing arrangement, weed control
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Increasing light interception
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Energy required to change temperature 1 degree C
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Specific Heat
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Positive hydrostatic pressure within cells
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Turgor
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Root uptake exceeds rate of replacement of nutrient
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Depletion zones
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Degree to which a soil can absorb and exchange cations
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CEC
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Very good at low concentrations
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High-affinity transporter
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Respiration associated with maintaining cellular integrity. The dominating processes are protein turnover, maintenance of ion gradients and intracellular transport processes
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Maintenance respiration
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Root water composition
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70-90%
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Composition of absorbed water transpired
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97%
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Concerted movement of groups of molecules, most often in response to a pressure gradient
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Bulk flow
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