Stats: Plant Structures Quiz 4

General Stats

This quiz has been taken 35 times
The average score is 8 of 20

Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
Disadvantageous influences exerted on a plant by external abiotic factors; measured in relation to plant survival, crop yield, biomass accumulation, CO2 uptake	Abiotic Stress	100%
Specific pathogen molecules or cell wall fragments that bind to plant proteins and thereby act as signals for activation of plant defense against a pathogen	Elicitors	100%
Compounds that all plants produce; directly involved in growth and development; sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, nucleotides	Primary metabolites	100%
Detoxification of reactive oxygen species via interactions with proteins and electron acceptor molecules	ROS scavenging	100%
Compounds with no direct role in plant growth and development but function as defenses against herbivores and infection by microbes, or as attractants for pollinators and seed-dispersing animals and agents of plant-plant competition; include phytoalexins	Secondary metabolites	100%
Disrupts plant metabolism because of its differential effect on protein stability and enzymatic reactions, can destabilize DNA and RNA	Temperature stress	100%
Linked adaptations of 2 or more organisms	Coevolution	80%
Nearly 80% of mycorrhizal fungi are this type, symbioses between a plant and a Glomeromycotan phylum of fungi, hugely important in agriculture, hypha extensions; arum type or Paris type root invasions	Arbuscular	75%
Cause little damage to the epidermis and mesophyll cells; insert their stylet into the phloem sieve tubes of leaves and stems	Phloem feeders	75%
Result of over-irrigation and poor soil drainage	Salinity stress	75%
Plants in soil may be contaminated with heavy metals and transported to places where cell processes are disrupted, metal ions can mimic essential nutrients and take their places in essential reactions, ex: aluminum ion concentration in tropical acidic soil, resulting in stunted growth	Heavy Metal Stress	67%
Composite of a fungus and an organism capable of carrying out photosynthesis (photobiont), over 14000 species worldwide	Lichens	67%
High-intensity light overwhelms photosynthetic machinery capacity, Antenna complexes become overwhelmed and electrons pool within the system, electrons are diverted to atmospheric O2, generating Reactive Oxygen Species	Light Stress	67%
Proteins that maintain or restore the active three-dimensional structures of other macromolecules, helps proteins fold correctly	Molecular chaperones	60%
Piercing-and-sucking insects that cause physical damage to plant cells	Cell-content feeders	50%
A symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms in which one organism benefits without negatively affecting the other	Commensalism	50%
Photobiont with Chlorophyll that occurs throughout the cell	Cyanobacteria	50%
Involves the ability to block the uptake of toxic ions, preventing the concentrations from getting high enough to be toxic	Exclusion	50%
Extreme internal tolerance, rare plant adaptation that requires heritable component	Hyperaccumulation	50%
Physiological or developmental responses of a plant to its environment that do not involve genetic changes	Phenotypic plasticity	50%
Cabbage/spinach/macadamia nut/Arabidopsis don't form associations with either fungi type	Under-achieving plants	50%
An inherited level of stress resistance acquired by a process of selection over many generations	Adaptation	40%
Evolved more recently, formed by fewer plants (mostly trees); fungal partners belong to either Basidiomycota or Ascomycota, play a role in tree/forest nutrition hartig net around individual cells to coat the root	Ectomycorrhizal	40%
Longitudinal, gas-filled channels that provide a low-resistance pathway for gas to flow to oxygen-limited roots surrounded by water	Aerenchyma	33%
Heritable chemical modifications to DNA and chromatin, including DNA methylation, histone methylation, and acetylation	Epigenome	33%
Photobiont with chloroplasts where chlorophyll are contained	Green Algae	33%
Legumes, nodules on roots fix nitrogen for the plant (nod factors)	Nitrogen-fixing bacteria/Rhizobia	33%
Light, water, CO2, O2, Soil Nutrient Content/availability, temp, toxins	Abiotic Stress sources	0%
The increase in plant stress tolerance due to exposure to prior stress; may involove gene expression changes	Acclimation	0%
The spine of a cactus (modified leaf) and the thorn of a Hawthorne (modified stem) look similar but have completely different evolutionary backgrounds, result of convergent evolution	Analogous structures	0%
Cause the most significant damage to plants	Chewing insects	0%
Organic compounds that are accumulated in the cytosol during osmotic adjustment, they do not inhibit cytosolic enzymes, unlike high concentrations of ions, ex: proline, sorbitol, mannitol, glycine betaine	Compatible solutes	0%
Are always immediately available or operational	Constitutive defenses	0%
A plant response to one environmental stress that confers resistance to another stress	Cross-protection	0%
Protein products that act as elicitors of damage response pathways in plants; recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the cell surface	Damage associated molecular pattern	0%
Causes decrease of O2 levels at root surface, shifting energy from respiration to fermentation, which could result in toxicity from ethanol accumulation, protein synthesis is suppressed, too rapid of recovery could result in rapid Reactive Oxygen Species production	Flooding stress	0%
Contain species-specific secondary metabolites like terpenoids and phenolics in a pocket formed between the cell wall and the cuticle which are released upon contact	Glandular trichomes	0%
Leaves, cotyledons, bud scales, and floral parts have very different functions but are all evolutionary modifications of the leaf	Homologous structures	0%
Defenses that exist at low levels until a biotic or abiotic stress is encountered	Inducible defenses	0%
Involves biochemical adaptations that enable the plant to tolerate, compartmentalize, or chelate elevated levels of toxic ions	Internal tolerance	0%
Hydrophilic plant proteins that accumulate in response to drought stress and cold temps	Late Embryogenesis Abundant Dehydrins	0%
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit	Mutualism	0%
The ability of a cell to accumulate compatible solutes and lower water potential during periods of osmotic stress	Osmotic Adjustments	0%
Willows/poplars/aspens/eucalyptus trees can form symbiosis with both arbuscular/ectomycorrhizal fungi	Over-achieving trees	0%
Solid basilica (silica crystals) form between the epidermal cell wall and the vacuole in some plants that add toughness to cell walls, making tissue difficult for herbivores to chew	Phytoliths	0%
Loosely-defined group; provide several beneficial services to growing plant host	Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria	0%
Calcium oxalate crystals forming bunches of needlelike structures	Raphides	0%
Intentionally water-stressing plants to allow for them to produce more sugars within fruit, used in grapes	Reduced deficit irrigation	0%
An enzyme that generates superoxide using NADPH as electron donor	Respiratory burst oxidase homolog D	0%
Area (slowed cell division/expansion), Orientation (wilting changes sun-inception angle), Trichomes (densely packed trichomes reflect radiation and reduce evaporation with a vapor layer), cuticle (made up of waxes and hydrocarbons)	Stress protection strategies	0%
A system whereby exposure of an abiotic stress on one part of a plant generates signals that can initiate acclimation in other unexposed plant parts	Systemic Acquired Acclimation	0%

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Plant Structures Quiz 4 - Statistics