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Plant Structures Quiz 4

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austin55
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Last updated: May 12, 2025
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First submittedMay 12, 2025
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Average score40.0%
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Disrupts plant metabolism because of its differential effect on protein stability and enzymatic reactions, can destabilize DNA and RNA
Temperature stress
Light, water, CO2, O2, Soil Nutrient Content/availability, temp, toxins
Abiotic Stress sources
Specific pathogen molecules or cell wall fragments that bind to plant proteins and thereby act as signals for activation of plant defense against a pathogen
Elicitors
Physiological or developmental responses of a plant to its environment that do not involve genetic changes
Phenotypic plasticity
Heritable chemical modifications to DNA and chromatin, including DNA methylation, histone methylation, and acetylation
Epigenome
Result of over-irrigation and poor soil drainage
Salinity stress
Compounds with no direct role in plant growth and development but function as defenses against herbivores and infection by microbes, or as attractants for pollinators and seed-dispersing animals and agents of plant-plant competition; include phytoalexins
Secondary metabolites
Evolved more recently, formed by fewer plants (mostly trees); fungal partners belong to either Basidiomycota or Ascomycota, play a role in tree/forest nutrition hartig net around individual cells to coat the root
Ectomycorrhizal
The spine of a cactus (modified leaf) and the thorn of a Hawthorne (modified stem) look similar but have completely different evolutionary backgrounds, result of convergent evolution
Analogous structures
Area (slowed cell division/expansion), Orientation (wilting changes sun-inception angle), Trichomes (densely packed trichomes reflect radiation and reduce evaporation with a vapor layer), cuticle (made up of waxes and hydrocarbons)
Stress protection strategies
Calcium oxalate crystals forming bunches of needlelike structures
Raphides
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
Mutualism
Longitudinal, gas-filled channels that provide a low-resistance pathway for gas to flow to oxygen-limited roots surrounded by water
Aerenchyma
The ability of a cell to accumulate compatible solutes and lower water potential during periods of osmotic stress
Osmotic Adjustments
Causes decrease of O2 levels at root surface, shifting energy from respiration to fermentation, which could result in toxicity from ethanol accumulation, protein synthesis is suppressed, too rapid of recovery could result in rapid Reactive Oxygen Species production
Flooding stress
Defenses that exist at low levels until a biotic or abiotic stress is encountered
Inducible defenses
Loosely-defined group; provide several beneficial services to growing plant host
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
Organic compounds that are accumulated in the cytosol during osmotic adjustment, they do not inhibit cytosolic enzymes, unlike high concentrations of ions, ex: proline, sorbitol, mannitol, glycine betaine
Compatible solutes
Legumes, nodules on roots fix nitrogen for the plant (nod factors)
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria/Rhizobia
Photobiont with Chlorophyll that occurs throughout the cell
Cyanobacteria
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