SESSION 1

they describe a world space composed of coexistinge states without any higher legitimate authority, emphasizing the role of the state as the sole holder of legitimate political authority

They argue that the global space is dominated by NGOs and corporations, with no role left for states.

They promote the idea of an emerging democratic world government.

They argue that global political space is shaped only by market forces.

Wars are caused primarily by religious conflict between civilizations.

Wars happen because weak states provoke stronger ones.

War exists simply because there is no overarching authority to prevent it, as illustrated by the inability of non-state actors or weak states to stop Putin’s attack on Ukraine.

Wars are a direct consequence of global poverty.

Because they were resolved solely through UN intervention.

Because they demonstrate that local crises can be ignored by the international community.

Because these national events had major international consequences: Brexit affected the entire European political landscape, and the war in Ukraine triggered global inflation, especially in energy and wheat prices.

Because they are examples of trade conflicts between neighbors.

Local, regional, global – illustrated by local governments, NGOs, and corporations.

Inter-state, supranational, and international/transnational – respectively illustrated by diplomatic relations (e.g. France/Germany or Canada/USA), supranational institutions like the UN, NATO, and the European Commission, and non-state actors like Greenpeace, Tesla, or individuals like Greta Thunberg.

Cultural, religious, military – illustrated by UNESCO, the Vatican, and NATO.

Bilateral, multilateral, and universal – illustrated by regional treaties.

Because states have given up all their sovereignty to the UN.

Because national crises are now managed only by local communities.

Because crises like financial collapses, mass migration, and climate change are not confined to one country and require governance across the broader international political space.

Because globalization has dissolved all national borders entirely.

A return to colonial domination

A transition from a bipolar world (US vs USSR) to a unipolar world dominated by the United States (as argued by Francis Fukuyama), followed by the rise of new powers such as China and the BRICS, making today’s world more complex.

The establishment of a centralized global democratic government

The immediate and complete global dominance of China

He sees the world as strictly unipolar and dominated by the US.

He argues that while the global order can be considered bipolar (US and China) in military and economic terms, it is actually multipolar in cultural and technological domains.

He believes the European Union is the new global hegemon.

He describes a stateless, corporate-run world with no clear power structure.

The UN and the African Union

The IMF and the WTO

The G7 (wealthy Western countries) and the expanded BRICS group (10 countries from the “Global South” including China, Russia, Brazil, etc.), representing competing economic and political poles.

The UN Security Council and OPEC

A global democratization process without setbacks

A long-term consolidation of democratic systems

A growing wave of illiberal regimes and restrictions on civil liberties, with examples including India, Bolsonaro’s Brazil, Hungary, and the US under Trump

The creation of a global democratic government

A general stagnation of global population

A massive population increase (from 1 billion in the 19th century to 8 billion today), increasing urbanization (70% projected by 2050), a youth-dominated population in some regions, and a major geographic rebalancing: by 2050, 25% of the world’s population will be African, while only 7% will be European.

A universal trend toward aging societies

A uniform fertility rate across all continents

Global decline in birth rates, shrinking cities, and balanced global distribution

Population aging (with a large youth population under 25), rapid urbanization (55% urban today, 70% projected by 2050), and the geographic shift of population growth toward Africa and India

Rural migration, climate migration, and increased European fertility

Population stagnation in Asia, decline in the Americas, and explosion in Europe

Because it is the country with the highest migration rate

Because it has the highest GDP per capita

Because it is now the most populous country in the world, with over 3 million more people than China

Because its population is aging faster than Europe’s

Around 10%

Less than 5%

Approximately 15%

About 25%

30% today, 45% in 2050

40% today, 60% in 2050

55% today, 70% by 2050

65% today, 80% in 2050

It is unimportant compared to agriculture

It is irrelevant since renewable energy has already replaced fossil fuels

It plays a central role, as most countries are still dependent on oil, and organizations like OPEC have major geopolitical influence on oil production and pricing

It is only relevant in domestic policies, not global politics

A financial institution that regulates the euro

An environmental NGO advocating for clean energy

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, created in 1960 by oil-producing states to coordinate oil prices, which includes countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela, and Nigeria

A political union between the EU and oil companies

new social media platform launched by activists

post-humanist ideology about robots taking over

new geological era marked by significant human impact on the planet, coined by Paul Crutzen in the early 2000s

philosophy promoting human superiority over nature, proposed by Fukuyama

Because data is intentionally hidden by governments

Because poverty doesn’t exist in the Global South

Because data on income, consumption, and living standards are often unreliable, but estimates suggest around 600 million people live in extreme poverty, and the GINI index is used to measure inequality (0 = perfect equality, 100 = total inequality)

Because people are unwilling to report their income

Both countries have reached near-perfect equality

Inequality has decreased in both countries

China’s GINI index rose from 34 to 49, and Indonesia’s from 32 to 41, indicating rising inequality

Both countries abolished income measurement tools

They are irrelevant and too weak to be considered

They are considered marginal to state affairs

They are essential actors that influence global dynamics, including professional groups, corporations, NGOs, and individuals who engage in either cooperative or conflictual relations

They only matter in humanitarian aid

That states simply act on instinct

That policies and strategies are the result of technical decisions without influence

That national interest is not fixed but shaped and developed through actors’ strategies, agendas, political practices, and interactions

That only military leaders define national interest

It means researchers should never study politics

It implies actively advocating for a political cause

It refers to the obligation to study political phenomena objectively, separating personal values from analytical work

It demands full support of the dominant ideology