SESSION 1 - Statistics

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What is the current percentage of the global population living in urban areas, and what is the projected percentage for 2050? 55% today, 70% by 2050
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What projection is made for Africa’s share of the global population by the year 2050? About 25%
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What political trend has emerged globally since the end of the Cold War, according to the course? A growing wave of illiberal regimes and restrictions on civil liberties, with examples including India, Bolsonaro’s Brazil, Hungary, and the US under Trump
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What key demographic changes are highlighted in the course, and what implications do they have for the global political landscape? A massive population increase (from 1 billion in the 19th century to 8 billion today), increasing urbanization (70% projected by 2050), a youth-dominated population in some regions, and a major geographic rebalancing: by 2050, 25% of the world’s population will be African, while only 7% will be European.
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what major shift in world order occurred after the end of the Cold War? A transition from a bipolar world (US vs USSR) to a unipolar world dominated by the United States (as argued by Francis Fukuyama), followed by the rise of new powers such as China and the BRICS, making today’s world more complex.
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Why are contemporary global issues said to exceed the regulatory capacity of individual nation-states? Because crises like financial collapses, mass migration, and climate change are not confined to one country and require governance across the broader international political space.
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Why is it difficult to measure global poverty accurately, and what indicators are used to try to understand inequalities? Because data on income, consumption, and living standards are often unreliable, but estimates suggest around 600 million people live in extreme poverty, and the GINI index is used to measure inequality (0 = perfect equality, 100 = total inequality)
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According to the course, why is India particularly significant in demographic terms today? Because it is now the most populous country in the world, with over 3 million more people than China
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Why do the Brexit referendum and the war in Ukraine illustrate global political interdependence? Because these national events had major international consequences: Brexit affected the entire European political landscape, and the war in Ukraine triggered global inflation, especially in energy and wheat prices.
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How has income inequality evolved in countries like China and Indonesia, according to GINI index data? China’s GINI index rose from 34 to 49, and Indonesia’s from 32 to 41, indicating rising inequality
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How does John Mearsheimer describe the current global power structure? He argues that while the global order can be considered bipolar (US and China) in military and economic terms, it is actually multipolar in cultural and technological domains.
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What are the three main types of international political relations described in the course, and which examples illustrate each of them? Inter-state, supranational, and international/transnational – respectively illustrated by diplomatic relations (e.g. France/Germany or Canada/USA), supranational institutions like the UN, NATO, and the European Commission, and non-state actors like Greenpeace, Tesla, or individuals like Greta Thunberg.
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What is the importance of energy in analyzing current environmental issues in international relations? It plays a central role, as most countries are still dependent on oil, and organizations like OPEC have major geopolitical influence on oil production and pricing
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According to Max Weber, what is the role of “axiological neutrality” in political science? It refers to the obligation to study political phenomena objectively, separating personal values from analytical work
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What is the Anthropocene, and who coined this term? new geological era marked by significant human impact on the planet, coined by Paul Crutzen in the early 2000s
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What are the three major demographic transformations mentioned in the course, and how do they reshape the global political space? Population aging (with a large youth population under 25), rapid urbanization (55% urban today, 70% projected by 2050), and the geographic shift of population growth toward Africa and India
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What is meant by "crafting national interest" in the sociological approach to IR? That national interest is not fixed but shaped and developed through actors’ strategies, agendas, political practices, and interactions
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Which two international groupings are used in the course to illustrate today’s multipolar world? The G7 (wealthy Western countries) and the expanded BRICS group (10 countries from the “Global South” including China, Russia, Brazil, etc.), representing competing economic and political poles.
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What is OPEC, and why is it politically significant according to the course? The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, created in 1960 by oil-producing states to coordinate oil prices, which includes countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela, and Nigeria
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What role do non-state actors play in the sociology of international relations? They are essential actors that influence global dynamics, including professional groups, corporations, NGOs, and individuals who engage in either cooperative or conflictual relations
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How do max weber and Raymond Aron define the concept of the political world space, and what role does legitimate political authority play in it ? They argue that the global space is dominated by NGOs and corporations, with no role left for states.
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What is Kenneth Waltz’s key argument about the existence of war in international relations? War exists simply because there is no overarching authority to prevent it, as illustrated by the inability of non-state actors or weak states to stop Putin’s attack on Ukraine.
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