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Hint
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Answer
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Meaning of "source of public international law"
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The legal process through which norms are created, modified and annulled
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Meaning of "source of public international law"
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the place where the resulting legal norms can be found
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Why is identifying sources of international law difficult?
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The international legal system is decentralised — there is no law-making authority above States
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Which article is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive list of IL sources?
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Article 38 of the ICJ Statute
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What does Article 38(2) allow the Court to do?
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Decide a case ex aequo et bono (in fairness and justice) if the parties agree
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There is no formal ... between customary law, treaties and general principles
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Hierarchy
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Which source do courts usually look to first?
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Treaty
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What is the primary function of general principles of law?
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Fill legal gaps
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What is the status of judicial decisions and doctrine under Article 38?
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Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law
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What kind of rules does customary IL govern?
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Unwritten rules
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elements required to establish a customary rule?
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General practice
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elements required to establish a customary rule?
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opinio juris ac necessitatis
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state practice does not need to be ... to form a custom
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Universal
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the practice of a few major powers is ... to establish a custom
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Insufficient
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Quality state practice must have
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widespread
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Quality state practice must have
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representative
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Quality state practice must have
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consistent
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What is the relationship between the material and psychological elements of custom in practice?
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Intertwined
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How is state consent to a custom normally expressed?
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Tacitly
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What is the legal consequence of persistent objection?
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Custom may not apply to that objecting state
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Which case established the persistent objector doctrine?
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The Fisheries Case
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What is a classic example of a custom that survives despite frequent violations?
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The prohibition of torture
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What classic maxim did the Nicaragua Case render invalid?
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Law breaking is an essential method of law-making
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What treaty addressed the continental shelf in 1958?
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The Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf
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How does Article 38 describe the states whose principles qualify?
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Civilised nations
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When are general principles of law typically invoked?
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To fill gaps in the absence of a customary rule or treaty provision
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general principle of law
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Good faith
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What distinguishes soft law from hard law?
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Non binding
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What theory do international courts usually adopt regarding the legal force of instruments?
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The presumptive theory
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