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Biospychology
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Showed the benefits of acute stressors. Found acute stress leads to co-operative and friendly behaviour in men and women
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Von Dawans et al (2012)
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Showed there may be sex differences in fight or flight response. Found the SRY gene in male Y chromosome promotes aggression
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Lee & Harley (2012)
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Supports brain plasticity. 24 non-jugglers in 2 groups. After 3 months, all 12 in experimental group could juggle for at least 60secs. Brain scans taken before and after showed changes in regions related to visualisation in temporal lobe
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Draganski (2004)
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Supports brain plasticity. Compared Tibetan monks to non-meditation controls. Monks showed a significant increase in gamma wave activity during meditation. Control did show increase, but not as much as monks
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Davidson et al (2004)
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Supports brain plasticity. Found increase in grey matter in those who played super Mario for 30 mins per day for 2 months. Gaming resulted in new synaptic connections for cognitive functioning, motor skills, spatial navigation
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Kuhn (2014)
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Supports brain plasticity. Studied brains in London taxi drivers, found significantly more grey matter in hippocampus than control. Due to test called "The Knowledge"
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Maguire et al (2000)
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Proposed 3 methods of functional recovery: neuronal unmasking, axonal sprouting, recruitment
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Doidge (2007)
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Supports functional recovery. Randomly put rats with brain injuries into 2 groups. Group1 had stem cells transplant into brain, group2 had solution infused into brain without stem cells. Group1 showed development of neuron cells in area of injury after 3 months
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Tajiri (2013)
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Found individual differences in functional recovery. Concluded capacity for neural reorganisation and regeneration is greater in children than adults
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Elbert et al
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Found individual differences in functional recovery. Patients with a college education are 7x more likely than those who didn't finish high school to be disability free one year after a moderate to severe brain injury
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Schneider et al
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Discovered a language centre in the frontal lobe and named it after himself. Responsible for language production
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Paul Broca
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Discovered a language centre in the temporal lobe and named it after himself. Responsible for language processing and understanding
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Carl Wernicke
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Supports localisation of function. Found 1/3 of patients who had a cingulotomy (lesion of cingulate gyrus to help OCD and depression) showed an improvement in symptoms, showing some mental disorders are localised
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Dougherty et al (2002)
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Supports localisation of function. Used brain scans to show Wernicke's area was active during listening tasks, and Broca's area was active during a reading task
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Peterson et al (1988)
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Case study of this individual shows functions aren't totally localised as his brain reorganised and mostly recovered following a pipe piercing his frontal lobe
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Phineas Gage
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Individual differences in localisation of function. Found women have larger Broca's and Wernicke's areas
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Harasty et al (1997)
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Treated patients who couldn't speak due to brain damage. In every case, there was damage to left but not right hemisphere. Assumed language located in left - hemispheric lateralisation
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Marc Dax
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Studied 11 epileptic patients who had a commissurotomy, which allowed them to see extent to which hemispheres are lateralised, and if they're independent. Bunch of conditions - showed pics in left or right visual field.
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Sperry & Gazzaniga
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Criticises the above. Found language becomes more lateralised to LH until 25, then it began decreasing
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Szaflarski et al (2006)
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French fella stuck himself in a cave for 179 days to study the effect on his sleep cycle
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Michel Siffre (1975)
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Argued body temp is more important than light, since the smallest change sends a powerful signal to our body clocks. Suggests a holistic approach may be better
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Buhr et al (2010)
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Studied infradian rhythms. 29 women with irregular periods. Took samples of pheromones from 9 of them at different stages of their cycles - wore pad under armpit for 8 hours a day. Pads treated with alcohol and frozen, then rubbed on upper lip of remaining 20 pps. 68% found menstrual cycles became synchronous.
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McClintock
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Criticises the above. Suggested many other factors affect menstrual cycle, such as light. Found a woman's cycle shortened from 28 days to 25.7 after 3 months in a cave with a small lamp
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Reinberg (1967)
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Supports sleep cycle (ultradian rhythm). Monitored sleep patterns of 9 adults (7 male, 2 female). Brain wave recorded with EEG, researchers controlled for caffeine and alcohol. Found strong correlation between REM and dreaming. Those who woke during REM could remember more
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Dement & Kleitman (1957)
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Individual differences in sleep cycles. Studied pps over 11 days in a controlled lab, assessed sleep duration, time taken to fall asleep, and time in each stage. There were consistently large differences in each characteristic, especially in stages 3,4. Suggested it's biologically determined
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Tucker et al (2007)
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Supported importance of endogenous pacemakers, like SCN. Destroyed SCN in 30 chipmunks and returned them to their natural habitat, then observed for 80 days. Their sleep/wake cycle disappeared. Many were killed by predators, since they were awake instead of asleep and hidden.
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DeCoursey et al (2000)
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Supported importance of exogenous zeitgebers. Shone artificial light on back of pps knees, found it could shift their sleep/wake cycle by 3 hours, showing light doesn't need to be registered by the eyes
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Campbell & Murphy (1998)
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Found jet-lagged travellers adjust quicker if they went outside more, as it exposes them to social cues. This also explains why blind people have the same sleep/wake cycle
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Klein
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Found exposure to bright light prior to an east to west flight made it easier for pps to adapt to new time. Their circadian rhythms shifted by 2 hours closer to new time zone.
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Burgess et al (2003)
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