NAQT You Gotta Know - Enzymes

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Catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from a DNA template, particularly during DNA replication. It reacts a growing DNA strand with a nucleoside triphosphate, resulting in a DNA strand one base longer and an ion of pyrophosphate. There are several enzymes this family.

Catalyzes the formation of single-stranded RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotes, one enzyme in this family synthesizes precursors of mRNA during transcription. In prokaryotes, it is bound to a sigma factor, which binds to the core promoter region in which transcription is initiated.

Catalyzes the formation of complementary DNA from an RNA template. It is used by retroviruses such as HIV in order to replicate their genomes: a class of anti-HIV drugs known as reverse transcriptase inhibitors interfere with the function of the enzyme. Also used by retroransposons.

Adds a repeat sequence called a telomere to the end of chromosomes; telomeres shorten during each round of cell division, a phenomenon that is correlated with cellular aging.

Involved in the light-independent/dark reactions of photosynthesis, part of a pathway known as the Calvin cycle. Catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP to form two molecules of G3P. Most abundant enzyme on Earth.

Decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Found in virtually every organism that is exposed to oxygen, and is crucial for preventing cells from experiencing damage from reactive oxygen species.

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Catalyzes the formation of a molecule of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. It is a molecular machine with two subunits.

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into simple sugars during digestion. Present in the saliva of humans and other mammals, as well as in the pancreas.

Breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids during digestion. Its precursor is produced by gastric chief cells in the stomach and is the most active in the acidic environment of gastric acid.

Used in the CRISPR technique for gene editing. Native to Streptococcus pyogenes, it checks the spacer region of a guide RNA (gRNA) for any sites complementary to a piece of foreign DNA; if there are any such complementary sites, it cuts the foreign DNA.

Cuts DNA into fragments at specific recognition sites, most of which are palindromic. The product is either two strands of even length (a blunt end) or one strand that is slightly longer than the other (a sticky end).