Biology AQA Year One A-Level - Statistics

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Hint	Answer	% Correct
resolution of electron microscopes is about ____ nanometres	0.1	0%
resolution of a light microscope is about ____ micrometres	0.2	0%
parts of the specimen ____ electrons and appear dark, others transmit them and appear bright	absorb	0%
viruses are ____ and non-living. they comprise of genetic material, capside and attachment proteins	acellular	0%
produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individual’s own immune system	active immunity	0%
(5) sucrose moves into companion cells at the sink by facilitated diffusion and is ____ into storage and respiring cells	actively transported	0%
enzymes are specific because they have different shaped ____	active sites	0%
the movement of molecules or ions into or out of a cell from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using ATP and carrier proteins	active transport	0%
(3) many mitochondria to produce ATP for ____	active transport	0%
ribose + adenine + 3 phosphate groups	adenosine triphosphate/ATP	0%
antibodies cause ____ of bacterial cells to group them together and make it easier for the phagocytes to locate them	agglutination	0%
HIV causes the symptoms of ____ by interfering with helper T-cell function	AIDS	0%
natural selection (1) mutation gives rise to a new ____	allele	0%
(3) air sacs at the end of the bronchioles	alveoli	0%
(3) ____ sequence of the proteins encoded by DNA and mRNA	amino acid	0%
____ are the monomers of protein	amino acids	0%
centromere divides and the spindle fibres contract to pull the individual chromatids to opposite poles	anaphase	0%
vaccines ethics: (1) ____ often used for production and testing, harming them	animals	0%
viruses are not susceptible to ____ because they do not have their own cell wall/metabolic pathway for them to target	antibiotics	0%
(3) stimulate B-lymphocytes to divide and secrete their ____	antibody	0%
a protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances with specific binding sites	antibody	0%
(3) add ____ specific to the antigen we are trying to detect and leave to bind	antibody	0%
(2) the tRNA molecule with the complementary ____ moves to the ribosome and pairs to the complementary mRNA codon	anticodon	0%
a molecule present on the surface of a cell which triggers an immune response	antigen	0%
the receptors on each T-cell respond to a specific ____ and a specific T-cell binds to the ____s on an APC	antigen	0%
(8) amount of ____ present is relative to the intensity of the colour	antigen	0%
cells that display foreign antigens on their surface	antigen presenting cells	0%
(5) the soluble products are absorbed into the cytoplasm and the ____ are presented on the cell surface membrane	antigens	0%
(1) the surface ____ of an invading pathogen are taken up, processed and presented by a B-cell	antigens	0%
(1) apply the sample to a surface to which all the ____ in the sample will attach	antigens	0%
____ limits effectiveness of vaccines because antibodies are no longer complementary	antigen variability	0%
connected to left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs	aorta	0%
(3) small SA:V ratio to minimise ____ over which water is lost	area	0%
the image may contain ____	artefacts	0%
things that result from the way the specimen is prepared	artefacts	0%
carry blood away from the heart and into arterioles	arteries	0%
____ have a thicker muscle layer than veins so they can constrict and dilate to control volume within them	arteries	0%
smaller arteries that control blood flow from arteries to capillaries	arterioles	0%
____ have a thinner elastic layer and thicker muscle layer due to lower blood pressure and a need to restrict flow into capillaries respectively	arterioles	0%
the process by which haemoglobin binds with oxygen. takes place in the lungs	association	0%
hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and an inorganic phosphate is catalysed by ____	ATP hydrolase	0%
ATP is resynthesised by ____ during photosynthesis or respiration	ATP synthase	0%
atria contact and force blood into ventricles. semilunar valves closed, atrioventricular valves open	atrial systole	0%
use of ____ valve: prevent backflow of blood when contraction of ventricles makes ventricular pressure exceed atrial pressure	atrioventricular	0%
thin walled, elastic chamber, stretches as it collects blood	atrium	0%
this isotope will be incorporated into sugars which can be traced as they move within the plant using ____	autoradiography	0%
(2) ____ sequence of DNA or mRNA	base	0%
(1) form a ____ in an aqueous environment	bilayer	0%
prokaryotic cells divide by ____	binary fission	0%
farming techniques reduce ____ because it reduces variation in habitat and food sources	biodiversity	0%
relatively constant environment for the cells it surrounds because it is formed from ____ whose composition is controlled by homeostasis	blood plasma	0%
some B-cells will differentiate into ____ cells to respond to future infections	B-memory	0%
the ____ effect: a greater carbon dioxide concentration decreases pH of the blood and changes the shape of the haemoglobin to one that more readily unloads oxygen	Bohr	0%
(1) high ratio of energy storing C-H ____ so are a good source of energy	bonds	0%
(2) chains may be ____ or un____	branched	0%
(2) two divisions of the trachea are the ____ which branch into the ____oles	bronchi	0%
the solution is ____ to prevent the structure of organelles or enzymes changing	buffered	0%
you can produce monoclonal antibodies specific to ____ cells, attach a therapeutic drug, allowing for a localised approach to killing a tumour	cancer	0%
monoclonal antibodies ethics: (1) involves deliberately inducing ____ in mice	cancer	0%
tiny vessels that link arterioles to veins	capillaries	0%
____ are numerous and highly branched to increase surface area for exchange	capillaries	0%
(2) the distance between alveolar air and red blood cells is reduced as the red blood cells are flattened against the ____ walls	capillary	0%
networks of capillaries that connect veins and arterioles	capillary beds	0%
(2) the ____ fuses with the cell surface membrane and the RNA and enzymes enter the cell	capsid	0%
commonly used by cells as respiratory substrates, form structural components in plasma membranes and cell walls	carbohydrates	0%
chiral ____ around which R, COOH, H and NH2 are found	carbon	0%
(1) when cells respire, oxygen is used up, so its concentration falls in the tracheoles, so oxygen diffuses in (opposite direction for ____)	carbon dioxide	0%
tracer experiment: make radioactively labeled ____ using carbon-14 and grow a plant in an environment with that	carbon dioxide	0%
(1) substance binds to receptor sites on the inside of the ____	carrier protein	0%
eukaryotic cells that retain the ability to divide have a ____	cell cycle	0%
process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out	cell fractionation	0%
T-lymphocytes are responsible for ____ immunity	cell mediated	0%
all life on Earth exists as ____ which have basic features in common	cells	0%
all cells arise from other ____	cells	0%
all cells have a ____	cell surface membrane	0%
phospholipid bilayer, controls movement of substances into and out of cells, selectively permeable, cell signalling	cell surface membrane	0%
in single-celled organisms, gases are transported across the ____	cell surface membrane	0%
made up of monomers of beta glucose to form straight, unbranched chains	cellulose	0%
(3) major component of the ____ that provides rigidity to the plant cell	cell wall	0%
supports the cell, prevents it from bursting, made up of polysaccharides	cell wall	0%
(3) DNA was extracted and ____	centrifuged	0%
changing pH alters the ____ on the enzyme's amino acids so changing it from the optimum decreases rate	charges	0%
site of photosynthesis	chloroplast	0%
restricts the movement of molecules making up the membrane	cholesterol	0%
a DNA molecule plus its associated histone proteins in a eukaryotic cell	chromosome	0%
(4) they are packaged into ____ in the ER and Golgi by associating with cholesterol and lipoproteins	chylomicrons	0%
instead of a nucleus they have a ____ DNA molecule	circular	0%
this activates ____ of the specific T-lymphocyte	clonal expansion	0%
where a lymphocyte is chosen and activated to respond to a specific antigen	clonal selection	0%
____ circulatory system: blood is confined to vessels	closed	0%
more molecules are drawn up behind due to ____	cohesion	0%
mass transport of water in plants: ____ theory	cohesion tension	0%
water is ____ which supports columns of water in plants and produces surface tension on the surface of water supporting small organisms	cohesive	0%
(1) the tissue is placed in a ____ solution to reduce enzyme activity	cold	0%
requires a complex preparation and even then the image is not in ____	colour	0%
(1) sucrose moves into ____ down a concentration gradient from photosynthesising cells	companion cells	0%
occupy the enzyme's active site in competition with the substrate	competitive inhibitor	0%
(3) free DNA nucleotides pair to the strands by ____ base pairing	complementary	0%
(3) hard to make fully effective without making them ____ which can be seen as unethical	compulsory/mandatory	0%
(5) breathing movement ventilates the lungs and the action of the heart circulates blood to ensure a steep ____	concentration gradient	0%
two molecules react to form a chemical bond and eliminate a water molecule	condensation	0%
you need to balance ____ with farming	conservation	0%
____ replication would predict two distinct bands	conservative	0%
the part of the antibody that is not specific to an antigen	constant region	0%
the contents of this system are moved by hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid and by ____ of body muscles that squeeze the lymph vessels	contraction	0%
oxygen binds ____ because the first oxygen binding changes the shape of the haemoglobin and makes it easier for the next to bind	cooperatively	0%
the movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient drives the transport of a second molecule against its gradient	cotransport	0%
(3) they diffuse in through a ____ protein and carry glucose or amino acids with them	cotransport	0%
amino acids and monosaccharides are both absorbed from the ileum by ____	cotransport	0%
____ flow of water and blood maintains a diffusion gradient across the whole length of the gill	counter current	0%
____ behaviour allows individuals to identify a species-specific partner to mate with	courtship	0%
where homologous chromosomes exchange genes at their loci	crossing over	0%
water loss is limited in insects by: (1) waterproof ____ on body surface	cuticle	0%
(2) waterproof waxy ____ on parts of the leaf	cuticle	0%
xerophyte adaptations: (1) thicker ____	cuticle	0%
the cytoplasm divides	cytokinesis	0%
(4) activate ____ T-cells which produce perforin and kill abnormal cells by making their membranes freely permeable	cytotoxic	0%
without enough T-helper cells the immune system can't stimulate B cells or ____ T cells so the immune response is weakened	cytotoxic	0%
(2) ribs move downwards and inwards, ____ volume, increasing pressure, forcing air out	decreasing	0%
the DNA code is ____ (some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon)	degenerate	0%
increasing temperature increases rate of reaction up until the optimum is passed, where the enzyme ____	denatures	0%
semilunar valves closed, atrioventricular valves open, blood moves into atria and ventricles	diastole	0%
via facilitated ____	diffusion	0%
(2) very thin for a short ____	diffusion distance	0%
(3) capillary and alveoli walls are both very thin to reduce ____	diffusion distance	0%
they have a narrow diameter to permeate tissues and ensure no cell is far from a capillary (short ____)	diffusion distance	0%
large biological molecules are hydrolysed to smaller molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes	digestion	0%
formed by condensation of two amino acids	dipeptide	0%
the population moves towards an extreme	directional selection	0%
membrane-bound ____ hydrolyse maltose to glucose for example	disaccharidases	0%
formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides	disaccharides	0%
the process by which oxygen is released. takes place in the tissues	dissociaton	0%
(2) ____ catalyses this	DNA helicase	0%
(4) ____ catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides	DNA polymerase	0%
Linnaeus taxa	domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species	0%
DNA is a ____ helix with hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs	double	0%
____ circulatory system: blood passes twice through the heart for each complete circuit of the body	double	0%
the pancreas releases enzymes into the ____ including carbohydrases	duodenum	0%
(3) ____ layer that helps maintain blood pressure by stretching and recoiling	elastic	0%
in electron microscopes the beam is focussed by ____	electromagnets	0%
____ microscopes have a higher resolution because ____s have a short wavelength	electron	0%
lipids being split up into smaller droplets by bile salts to increase surface area	emulsification	0%
proteins are digested by: (1) ____ which hydrolyse peptide bonds in the centre of polypeptides	endopeptidases	0%
(3) once inside the epithelial cells, the monoglycerides and fatty acids are transported to the ____ and recombined	endoplasmic reticulum	0%
(3) movement of the ____ to maintain a diffusion gradient	environmental medium	0%
(5) add a second antibody that binds to the first one with an attached ____	enzyme	0%
ELISA test	enzyme linked immunosorbent assay	0%
biological catalysts	enzymes	0%
(1) the micelles come into contact with the ____ cells lining the villi of the ileum	epithelial	0%
____ are specialised by having no nucleus and a large amount of haemoglobin	erythrocytes	0%
glycerol and fatty acids are bonded by an ____ bond	ester	0%
water ____ out of the mesophyll cells and stomata	evaporates	0%
the similar biochemical basis for life for all living things evidences ____	evolution	0%
large organisms thus need specialised ____ associated with mass transport systems to increase their SA:V ratio	exchange surfaces	0%
(5) these move out of the epithelial cells by ____	exocytosis	0%
sequences of DNA that code for a polypeptide	exon	0%
(2) ____ which hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of polypeptides	exopeptidases	0%
inspiration: (1) ____ intercostal muscles contract	external	0%
proteins that occur in in the surface of the bilayer, give mechanical support or act with glycolipids as cell receptors e.g. for hormoes	extrinsic	0%
we measure the size of objects on a light microscope using an ____	eyepiece graticule	0%
diffusion using channel or carrier protein	facilitated diffusion	0%
____ because the individual phospholipids move relative to each other	fluid	0%
the cell membrane is modelled as the ____ model	fluid mosaic	0%
antibodies are made up of ____ polypeptide chains: 2 heavy and 2 light	four	0%
(3) the advantageous allele is more likely to be inherited and increases in ____ over many generations	frequency	0%
you can find information about genetic diversity by comparing: (1) ____ of measurable or observable characteristics	frequency	0%
a base sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein at a locus	gene	0%
number of different alleles in a population	genetic diversity	0%
(4) the viral DNA is moved into the nucleus and inserted into the ____	genome	0%
complete set of genes in a cell	genome	0%
in fish, the gills are made up of stacks of ____	gill filaments	0%
polysaccharide of alpha glucose used for storage in animals	glycogen	0%
carbohydrate covalently bonded to a lipid, extend outside of the cell, act as recognition sites and help cells attach and form tissues	glycolipid	0%
(2) form ____ by combining with carbohydrates within the cell surface membrane	glycolipids	0%
carbohydrate attached to extrinsic protein, help cells attach, help cells recognise one another	glycoprotein	0%
series of cisternae and vesicles - process, package and transport lipids and proteins, synthesises lysosomes	Golgi apparatus	0%
stomata are surrounded by a pair of ____ cells which open and close dependening on water potential	guard	0%
haemoglobin structure: four polypeptide chains each with an associated ____ group	haem	0%
(3) the leaves have ____ to trap moist air next to the leaf surface	hair	0%
meiosis: two nuclear divisions result in the formation of four ____ daughter cells from one diploid parent cell	haploid	0%
(3) the unbranched chain is ____ and wound into a tight coil to compact the molecule	helical	0%
(2) the T-____ cells attach to the antigens and activate clonal expansion of the B-cell	helper	0%
when a large proportion has been vaccinated so it's difficult for a pathogen to spread	herd immunity	0%
they also have a thick elastic layer to keep pressure ____	high	0%
(3) the ____ is filtered to remove debris	homogenate	0%
(2) cells are broken up by a ____	homogeniser	0%
B-lymphocyte are responsible for ____ immunity	humoral	0%
a ____ is formed by fusion of a B-plasma cell and a tumour cell from mice	hybridoma	0%
comprise of a ____philic phosphate head and a ____phobic fatty acid tail	hydro	0%
(1) ____ bonds form cross links between individual chains	hydrogen	0%
(1) the ____ bonds between bases in the double helix are broken	hydrogen	0%
____ ions determine pH (more hydrogen ions means lower pH)	hydrogen	0%
(2) sucrose is contransported with ____ ions into the sieve tube elements	hydrogen	0%
transcription: (1) the ____ bonds between the strands are broken	hydrogen	0%
(4) hydrolytic enzymes destroy ingested bacteria by ____ their cell walls	hydrolysing	0%
a chemical bond between two molecules is broken by addition of a water molecule	hydrolysis	0%
(5) the branched form has many ends for ____ enzymes to act on	hydrolytic	0%
formed when ____ pressure at the arterial end of the capillary is great and fluid moves into the tissues	hydrostatic	0%
(4) this creates a ____ pressure gradient from source to sink so sucrose moves in that direction	hydrostatic	0%
alpha glucose has a ____ group above the ring on carbon 5 whereas beta glucose has a ____ group below the ring	hydroxyl	0%
occurs notably in the ____	ileum	0%
muscles in the intestinal wall push food along the ____	ileum	0%
genetically different daughter cells arise due to ____ of homologous chromosomes when they line up at random during metaphase 1	independent segregation	0%
the relationship between the number of species in a community and the number of individuals of each species	index of diversity	0%
the active site forms as the enzyme and substrate interact and conformational change in the active site weakens bonds in the substrate	induced fit model	0%
(4) large and ____ so does not affect cell water potential or diffuse out of cells	insoluble	0%
e.g. maintain and plant hedgerows at field boundaries, reduce pesticide use, crop rotation that includes a nitrogen fixing crop to increase soil fertility, ____ to control weeds and pests, maintain existing ponds instead of draining for farmland	intercropping	0%
expiration: (1) ____ intercostal muscles contract	internal	0%
(4) a transport system to ensure the movement of the ____ also to maintain a diffusion gradient	internal medium	0%
the part of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs	interphase	0%
span the bilayer, carrier or channel proteins	intrinsic	0%
(2) large numbers of ____ proteins	intrinsic	0%
sequences of DNA that do not code for a polypeptide	intron	0%
____ ions are used in haemoglobin to bind to oxygen	iron	0%
glucose has two ____ called alpha and beta glucose	isomers	0%
the solution is ____ to prevent organelles bursting or shrinking	isotonic	0%
(1) grew bacteria in a broth containing a heavy ____ of nitrogen	isotope	0%
during ____, lactate is produced which lowers water potential of muscle cells	lactate	0%
they enter capillaries by ____ that are found at the centre of each villus	lacteals	0%
glucose + galactose	lactose	0%
gill ____ are perpendicular to the filaments and increase surface area	lamellae	0%
water has a high ____ heat of vaporisation, providing a cooling effect through evaporation	latent	0%
in light microscopes the beam is focussed by glass ____	lenses	0%
increasing enzyme or substrate concentration increase rate until the other factor becomes ____	limiting	0%
lipids are hydrolysed by pancreatic ____ into fatty acids and monoglycerides	lipases	0%
(6) the particles break away from the T-cell, taking with them a piece of the cell surface membrane to form the ____	lipid envelope	0%
the primary constituents of the plasma membrane bilayer, used in hormones and as respiratory substrates	lipids	0%
test for ____: shake with ethanol then add water and gently shake, milky white emulsion	lipids	0%
phospholipids in the cell surface membrane: (1) allow ____ substances to enter/leave the cell	lipid soluble	0%
cannot observe ____ specimens because the system is in a vacuum	living	0%
prior model of enzyme action	lock and key	0%
its resolving power is ____ than a TEM but specimens need not be so thin	lower/less	0%
(2) sodium ions diffuse into the epithelial cells from the ____ down a concentration gradient	lumen	0%
(5) the central cavity through which blood flows	lumen	0%
their ____ is narrow so red blood cells are flat against the side to reduce diffusion distance	lumen	0%
some tissue fluid is carried back via the ____ system which drains its contents into the bloodstream via two ducts that join veins close to the heart	lymphatic	0%
contains hydrolytic enzymes used to break down waste material	lysosome	0%
image size / actual size	magnification	0%
glucose + glucose	maltose	0%
(2) low ____ to energy ratio	mass	0%
(2) the contraction of muscles in insects can squeeze the trachea allowing ____ movement of air in and out	mass	0%
(3) the carrier opens to the opposite side of the ____ and releases the substance	membrane/bilayer	0%
(3) ____ which hydrolyse the peptide bonds between two amino acids of a dipeptide	membrane bound dipeptidases	0%
prokaryotic cells do not have ____	membrane bound organelles	0%
this model was proved by ____ and Stahn	Meselston	0%
there are numerous air spaces in the ____ so gases readily come in contact with ____ cells (which have a large surface area)	mesophyll	0%
tissue fluid exchanges ____ materials with the cells it bathes and then returns to the circulatory system	metabolic	0%
water is a ____ in many reactions such as hydrolysis	metabolite	0%
chromosomes arrange themselves at the equator and the spindle fibres attach at the centromere, mitochondria gather around spindle fibres	metaphase	0%
in absorption, monoglycerides and fatty acids remain associated with bile salts to form ____	micelles	0%
(2) molecules are groups into ____ which are further grouped into fibres	microfibrils	0%
site of aerobic respiration	mitochondria	0%
a eukaryotic cell divides to produce 2 daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and the parent	mitosis	0%
these are then cloned and can produce ____	monoclonal antibodies	0%
a glycerol molecule with a single fatty acid attached	monoglyceride	0%
small units from which larger molecules are made	monomers	0%
the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made	monosaccharides	0%
____ because the proteins embedded vary in size and shape	mosaic	0%
water is taken in through the ____ and forced over the gills	mouth	0%
(5) the viral ____ and polypeptides are produced by the cell and assembled into new virus particles	mRNA	0%
(2) saved lives but also deaths associated with their use in treating ____ sclerosis	multiple	0%
their cell wall contains ____	murein	0%
(2) ____ layer that can contract to control the flow of blood	muscle	0%
____ agents increase rate of gene mutation	mutagenic	0%
spontaneous changes to the base sequence of DNA	mutations	0%
____ results in species better adapted to their environment in a way that is anatomical, physiological or behavioural	natural selection	0%
(2) bacteria with DNA containing only heavy ____ replicated in a broth containing light ____	nitrogen	0%
occupy the enzyme's allosteric site and deform the active site	non competitive inhibitor	0%
mutations in the number of chromosomes arise spontaneously by chromosome ____ in meiosis	non disjunction	0%
the DNA code is ____ (each base is read exactly one)	non overlapping	0%
(3) large and ____ so don't affect water potential	non polar	0%
test for ____: heat in a water bath with dilute HCl, neutralise with sodiumhydrogencarbonate, test for reducing sugars	non reducing sugars	0%
process of phagocytosis: part of the ____ immune response	non specific	0%
(6) the mRNA leaves the nucleus through a ____	nuclear pore	0%
transcribes ribosomal RNA	nucleolus	0%
pentose sugar + nitrogeneous base + phosphate group	nucleotide	0%
contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes	nucleus	0%
the net movement of water from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential	osmosis	0%
it can do this because hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venuous end (and ____ also occurs)	osmosis	0%
(3) this reduces water potential so water moves in from the xylem by ____	osmosis	0%
arteries, arterioles and veins have the same layers. from the ____ layer:	outer	0%
____ cells have many chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis	palisade	0%
haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen where ____ of oxygen is higher	partial pressure	0%
produced by the introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source	passive immunity	0%
spin on a low speed, and the densest organelles will form the ____	pellet	0%
condensation between 2 amino acids forms a ____ bond	peptide	0%
(4) the amino acids are joined by a ____ bond using ATP and when this happens the tRNA is released	peptide	0%
large and central, contains cell sap, surrounded by the tonoplast (membrane), maintains pressure within the cell	permanent vacuole	0%
____ have a lobed nucleus to fit through small gaps in capillary walls and have large quantities of RER to produce lytic enzymes	phagocytes	0%
(1) chemical products of pathogens act as attractants and the ____ move towards the pathogen	phagocytes	0%
(2) stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by ____	phagocytosis	0%
(3) lysosomes fuse with the vesicle to form a ____	phagolysosome	0%
(2) they engulf the pathogen to form a ____	phagosome	0%
____ ions are components of DNA and ATP	phosphate	0%
(4) the ____ is released and the protein reverts to its original shape	phosphate	0%
a condensation between two nucleotides forms a ____ bond	phosphodiester	0%
in ____ one fatty acid of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate group	phospholipids	0%
the inorganic phosphate released can ____ other compounds and make them more reactive	phosphorylate	0%
(2) ATP ____ the protein and changes its shape	phosphorylates	0%
the image can be photographed to give a 2D ____	photomicrograph	0%
(5) reduced surface area of the leaves (but must be balanced with sufficient area for ____)	photosynthesis	0%
non-____ tissues below the ring will die but those above will grow	photosynthetic	0%
a ____ classification system arranges species into groups based on their evolutionary relationships	phylogenetic	0%
(3) the B-cell clones to give ____ cells that produce and secrete the specific antibody	plasma	0%
use of ____ valve: ensure that when veins are squeezed when skeletal muscles contract, blood does not flow backwards	pocket	0%
bile salts make lipids water soluble because they are ____	polar	0%
made from many monomers joined together	polymers	0%
formed by condensation of many amino acids (a functional protein may contain one or more)	polypeptide	0%
(3) reduces ____ to below atmospheric and forces air into the lungs	pressure	0%
the double system is useful because blood ____ is reduced in the lungs and it needs to be high enough to reach all the tissues	pressure	0%
(1) tough, fibrous layer that resists ____ changes	pressure	0%
production of antibodies and memory cells	primary immune response	0%
the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds	primary strucutre	0%
the chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle apparatus starts to form at the centrioles, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope breaks down	prophase	0%
a non-protein group associated with a protein	prosthetic group	0%
form many cell structures and are important as enzymes, chemical messengers, components of the blood	proteins	0%
test for ____: Biuret test. add equal volumes of sample and sodium hydroxide, add very dilute copper sulfate, purple coloration	proteins	0%
full range of proteins a cell is able to produce	proteome	0%
gas exchange is very rapid between the alveoli and blood because: (1) red blood cells are slowed as they pass through ____ capillaries allowing more time for diffusion	pulmonary	0%
connected to the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen is replenished and carbon dioxide is removed	pulmonary artery	0%
connected to the left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs	pulmonary vein	0%
used in tests for HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, drug tests (because the ____ nature of the test is important)	quantitative	0%
the combination of a number of polypeptide chains and sometimes a non-protein	quarternary structure	0%
test for ____: heat in a water bath at 75C for 5 minutes, brick red precipitate	reducing sugars	0%
____ artery ____ renal vein: carry blood to and from the kidneys	renal	0%
(2) the allele may benefit its possessor and increase chance of survival and ____	reproduction	0%
minimum distance apart two objects can be and still appear as separate items	resolution	0%
more highly branched due to the higher ____ needs of animals	respiratory	0%
these extend through all the insect's body tissues, allowing atmospheric air to be brought directly to all the ____ tissues	respiring	0%
HIV structure: capsid, RNA, enzymes including ____, lipid envelope, attachment proteins, capsid	reverse transcriptase	0%
HIV is a retrovirus because its RNA is converted to DNA by ____	reverse transcriptase	0%
(3) the RNA is transcribed to DNA by ____	reverse transcriptase	0%
DNA holds genetic information and RNA transfers that from DNA to the ____	ribosome	0%
site of protein synthesis	ribosome	0%
(3) the ____ moves along the mRNA, bringing together two tRNA molecules at any one time	ribosome	0%
____ is a short polynucleotide chain	RNA	0%
(3) ____ joins nucleotides to form a pre mRNA molecule	RNA polymerase	0%
network of cisternae covered in ribosomes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins	rough endoplasmic reticulum	0%
carbohydrates are initially digested by ____ which denatures in the low pH of the stomach	salivary amylase	0%
the R group of a fatty acid may be ____ or un____	saturated	0%
____ electron microscope: passes the beam back and forth across a portion of the specimen	scanning	0%
the electrons are ____ according to the specimen's surface contours so we can build up a 3D image based on the scattering pattern	scattered	0%
(3) make the membrane flexible and self ____	sealing	0%
memory cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies, faster and to an increased quantity	secondary immune response	0%
initial folding by formation of hydrogen bonds into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets	secondary structure	0%
the cell membrane is ____ to control what enters and leaves	selectively permeable	0%
____ replication of DNA ensures genetic continuity between generations of cells	semi conservative	0%
the actual result was one band somewhere in the middle indicating ____ replication	semi conservative	0%
use of ____ valve: prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles when pressure in the vessels increases when elastic walls recoil	semilunar	0%
(2) can have ____ effects that cause long term harm	side	0%
net movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration directly across the bilayer	simple diffusion	0%
(2) they break down and release the non-polar monoglycerides and fatty acids which enter the epithelial cells by ____	simple diffusion	0%
many also have plasmids, flagella, pilli, and/or a ____ capsule	slime	0%
network of cisternae that synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates	smooth endoplasmic reticulum	0%
(4) ____ to reduce friction that is thin to allow diffusion	smooth endothelium	0%
____ ions are used in cotransport of glucose and amino acids	sodium	0%
(1) ____ ions are actively transported out of epithelial cells into the blood	sodium	0%
water is a ____ in which metabolic reactions occur	solvent	0%
organisms that can breed to produce living fertile offspring	species	0%
the number of different species in a community	species richness	0%
water has a high specific ____ buffering changes in temperature	specific heat capacity	0%
____ cells have many mitochondria to give energy for swimming	sperm	0%
gases enter and leave the trachea through ____	spiracles	0%
(2) ____ can be closed to reduce water loss (largely done when organism is at rest)	spiracles	0%
(5) in eukaryotic cells the introns are removed by ____ (prokaryotic cells do not have introns)	splicing	0%
the population moves towards the median	stabilising selection	0%
we calibrate this using the ____	stage micrometer	0%
test for ____: two drops of iodine + two drops of food sample, blue black coloration	starch	0%
polysaccharide of alpha glucose used for storage in plants	starch	0%
translation: (1) a ribosome attaches to the ____ codon on the mRNA	start	0%
leaves have many small pores called ____	stomata	0%
(4) ____ in pits or grooves trap air and reduce the water potential gradient	stomata	0%
(5) this continues until the ribosome reaches a ____ codon at which point the polypeptide is released	stop	0%
(1) found in seeds and ____ organs like tubers	storage	0%
(7) add the colourless ____ of the enzyme - colour change will occur if enzyme is present	substrate	0%
glucose + fructose	sucrose	0%
mass flow theory of ____ in the phloem:	sucrose	0%
this suggests the ____ accumulate above the ring and disrupt flow to regions below	sugars	0%
spin the ____ on a slightly higher speed and the next densest organelles will be separated out	supernatant	0%
turgidity is important to maximise ____ for photosynthesis	surface area	0%
cells specialised for membrane transport may have: (1) folded membranes to increase ____	surface area	0%
features of these: (1) large ____ to increase rate of exchange	surface area	0%
(4) alveoli and pulmonary capillaries have a very large ____	surface area	0%
ringing experiment: remove a section of the outer layers around the circumference of a woody stem and the region above will ____	swell	0%
gene ____ has changed methods of investigating genetic diversity by favouring direct investigation of DNA sequences over investigating observable and measurable characteristics	technology	0%
chromosomes uncondense into chromatin, spindle fibres disintegrate, nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform	telophase	0%
(2) free RNA nucleotides pair with the exposed bases on the ____ strand	template	0%
this puts the xylem under ____ - there is negative pressure within the xylem	tension	0%
(4) the DNA strands rejoin behind the enzyme which detaches when it reaches a ____ sequence	terminator	0%
further folding into the complex specific 3D structure maintained by disulfide, ionic, hydrogen bonds and van der Waal's forces	tertiary structure	0%
process of HIV replication: (1) a protein on the HIV attaches to a CD4 ____ cell	T helper	0%
the specimen must be very ____	thin	0%
(2) ribs are pulled up and out to increase volume of the ____	thorax	0%
watery fluid containing glucose, amino acids, ions, bathes all the cells of the body	tissue fluid	0%
these cloned T-cells can do one of four things: (1) develop into ____ cells that enable a rapid response to future infections by the same pathogen	T-memory	0%
in humans: (1) flexible airway supported by cartilage	trachea	0%
insects have an internal network of ____ supported by strengthened rings	tracheae	0%
respiratory gases move in and out of the ____ system in 3 ways:	tracheal	0%
the tracheae divide into smaller dead-end ____	tracheoles	0%
the blackened regions only occur where the phloem tissue is suggesting only the phloem is responsible for ____	translocation	0%
____ electron microscope: the beam passes though a thin section of the specimen	transmission	0%
a column of water is pulled up the xylem due to transpiration: ____	transpiration pull	0%
(3) human ____ for safety of new drugs are dangerous	trials	0%
formed by condensation of one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids	triglycerides	0%
(4) exerts an inward pressure that prevents osmotic lysis so allows cells to be ____	turgid	0%
(4) ____ separates the fragments by density	ultracentrifugation	0%
____ occurs because cells and proteins remain in the blood	ultrafiltration	0%
the DNA code is ____ (same for all living things)	universal	0%
nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and then thymine/____ for DNA/RNA	uracil	0%
the introduction of antigens into the body in order to stimulate an immune response	vaccination	0%
an electron microscope requires a ____ to prevent electrons being absorbed or deflected by molecules in the air	vacuum	0%
____ inside the vessels ensure unidirectional flow	valves	0%
(2) leaves roll up to trap ____ and reduce the water potential gradient between the internal and external environment	vapour	0%
the circular DNA and plasmids replicate and the cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells with a single copy of the circular DNA and a ____ number of plasmids	variable	0%
the two binding sites that fit the antigen precisely to form an antigen-antibody complex	variable region	0%
carry blood from capillaries back to the heart	veins	0%
connected to the right atrium and brings deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body (except the lungs)	vena cava	0%
thicker, muscular wall, contracts strongly to pump blood	ventricle	0%
atria relax, ventricles contract, push blood away from heart. atrioventricular valves closed, semilunar valves open	ventricular systole	0%
as organisms become larger, their surface area decreases compared to their ____	volume	0%
therefore water moves into the cells by osmosis and the ____ of water in the ends of the tracheoles decreases so air is drawn in	volume	0%
(2) ____ to remove unattached antigens	wash	0%
(4) ____ to remove excess antibody	wash	0%
(6) ____ to remove any unattached antibody	wash	0%
(4) release ____ when oxidised	water	0%
(2) prevent ____ soluble substances entering and leaving the cell	water	0%
(3) the ends of the tracheoles are filled with ____	water	0%
plants limit water loss by: (1) stomata close when ____ is low to conserve water when necessary	water potential	0%
light microscopes have poor resolution due to the long ____ of visible light	wavelength	0%
there are spaces between the endothelial cells that make them up to allow ____ blood cells to deal with infections in tissues	white	0%
plants that live in areas with low supplies of water	xerophytes	0%
this means removing a thin cross section and placing it on ____ film	X ray	0%

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