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Hint
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Answer
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Three types of rock: ___ made from magma
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igneous
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___ made from compressed sediment
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sedimentary
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___ another type of rock that was changed by heat or pressure
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metamorphic
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top half of the UK, made up mostly of igneous and metamorphic rock, forms ___ landscapes
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upland
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bottom half of the UK, made up mostly of sedimentary rock, forms ___ landscapes
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lowland
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The line separating the North and the South geologically
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Tees-Exe
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the top half of the UK was ___ during the last Ice Age
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glaciated
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the bottom half was not covered in ice sheets but was influenced by glacial ___
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deposition
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clays, sands and silts eroded by ___ up north were dumped and washed over southern areas
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glaciers
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chalk is strong and ___ (water moves through it)
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permeable
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it forms ___ when it occurs at coastlines
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cliffs
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it is only found in ___ Britain
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lowland
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clay is weak and ___ (water cannot move through it)
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impermeable
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it is found all over Britain. Clay landscapes are typically wide, flat plains with lots of bodies of ___
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water
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___ is hard and resistant to erosion but is susceptible to chemical weathering
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granite
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it is impermeable so landscapes made of this rock have poor ___
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drainage
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towers of granite chemically weathered into blocks
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tors
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___ are formed from shale. these rocks split easily
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schists
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armchair shaped hollows formed on the sides of mountains
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corries
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unstable sleep mountain slope composed of rock fragments
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scree slope
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high precipitation over impermeable rocks in the Lake District forms ___
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streams
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___ ___ ___ with misfit rivers were expanded by glacial action
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u shaped valleys
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they have a ___ bottom and ___ sides
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flat steep
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in lowland, rivers have ___ and eroded a wide valley between low hills
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meandered
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the rivers transport ___ eroded from the channel
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silt
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when there is prolonged, heavy ___ in the region, the rivers flood and water spreads out on the valley floor and deposits the silt
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rain
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this forms a wide, flat ___
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floodplain
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human activity: ___ - drainage ditches are built to drain water away from low-lying land to allow crops to grow
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agriculture
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___ have been cleared to make way for agricultural land
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trees
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human activity: ___ - planting, managing and caring for forests
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forestry
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human activity: ___ - they grew up where the landscape offered particular advantages for life
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settlement
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eg. natural harbours were sites for fishing villages, springs gave people reliable ___
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freshwater
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with soft rock landscapes, cliffs will be ___ rugged and steep. landscapes include bays
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less
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hard rock: cliffs will be high, steep and rugged. landscapes include ___-cut platforms and headlands
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wave
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small cracks in rock
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joints
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larger cracks in rock
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faults
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both of these make rock more susceptible to ___
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erosion
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how fast coastal erosion occurs is influenced by: ___ levels (saturated cliffs are more vulnerable)
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groundwater
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wave ___ (how powerful waves are, direction, fetch, height, etc)
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climate
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local currents and tidal ___ (difference in height between low and high tide)
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range
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coasts made up of alternating rock types, perpendicular to the sea
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discordant
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soft rock is easily eroded, but hard rock is more ___
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resistant
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___ form due to the rapid erosion by soft rock
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bays
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when formed, these are left ___ by headlands and so are less eroded
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sheltered
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the headlands are more vulnerable to erosion now because wave energy is ___ there
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concentrated
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formed when the waves erode a weakness in the headland
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cave
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where two caves erode back from either side of a headland and meet in the middle
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arch
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when an arch collapses
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stack
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when ^^ is eroded by wind and water
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stump
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coasts made up of alternating rock types, parallel to the sea
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concordant
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___ form when water erodes a fault in the hard rock and breaks through to the soft rock, eroding it
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coves
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a wave-cut ___ can form between the high and low water lines
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notch
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the overhanging rock collapses and the cliff retreats ___
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inland
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forms an area of flat rock at the base of a cliff where the cliff once was: a wave-cut ___
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platform
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weight and impact of water along the coast line eroding the coast
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hydraulic action
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rocks thrown against the coast during storms
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abrasion
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the rocks and pebbles carried by the waves rub together and break down
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attrition
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chemical action by seawater on some rocks. these 4 methods also apply to rivers
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solution
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three types of weathering: (freeze-thaw. water freezes in rock cracks and expands. over time, crack widens, pieces of rock fall off)
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mechanical
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when the rock's mineral composition is changed, eg. limestone being dissolved by the weak carbolic acid in rainwater
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chemical
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caused by plants and animals, eg. when tree roots widen cracks in rocks
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biological
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when loosened rocks and soil suddenly tumble down a slope
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sliding
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when rock (often clay) is saturated with water and slides down a curved slip plane
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slumping
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where the coastline moves further inland
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coastal retreat
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longshore drift process: waves approach the coast at an ___
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angle
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___ pushes sand and gravel up the beach at the same angle
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swash
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___ carries sand and gravel back down the beach at 90 degrees to the coastline due to gravity
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backwash
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sand and gravel move along the beach in a ___ pattern
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zigzag
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large boulders being moved along the seabed by waves
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traction
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smaller stones bounced along the seabed
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saltation
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sand and small particles carried along in the flow
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suspension
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materials are dissolved in seawater and carried along in the flow
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solution
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these 4 are ___ processes and also apply to rivers
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transportation
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different factors reduce the wave's energy and influence ___ by constructive waves
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deposition
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if a spot is ___ (eg. in a bay)
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sheltered
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conditions being ___
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calm
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a gentle ___ offshore causing friction
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gradient
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accumulation of sand and shingle formed by deposition
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beach
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narrow projection of sand or shingle that is attached to the land at one end
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spit
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they extend across a bay or ___ or where the coastline changes direction
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estuary
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also formed by longshore drift depositing material in a ridge, but grow right across the bay
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bar
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cut off the water to form a ___
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lagoon
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wall that protects cliffs and buildings (but is expensive)
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sea wall
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prevents sea removing sand (but makes other areas of coastline more vulnerable and requires regular maintenance)
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groynes
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extra sand added to reduce wave energy and maintain tourism
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beach replenishment
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reduces mass movement and slippage, but the foot of the cliff is still vulnerable
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slope stabilisation
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ICZM: integrated coastal zone ___
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management
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not doing anything and allowing homes and land to be lost
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do nothing
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maintain the existing shoreline
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hold the line
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bring the existing shoreline out further
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advance the line
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move people and activities inland
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strategic realignment
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case study: the river ___. going downstream:
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Severn
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gradient becomes ___ steep
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less
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discharge, depth and velocity ___
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increase
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___ in Gloucestershire frequently experiences flooding from the Severn
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Tewkesbury
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the river is ___ miles long
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220
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___ shape becomes wider and flatter
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channel
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___ shape becomes less steep
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valley
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waterfall formation: a band of ___ resistant rock lies over ___ resistant rock
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more less
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less resistant rock is eroded more quickly, leaving a 'step' - the ___
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waterfall
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more resistant rock is undercut, forming an ___
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overhang
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when this can't be supported, blocks of rock fall down into a ___ ___
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plunge pool
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the waterfall retreats, leaving a steep-sided ___
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gorge
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interlocking spurs: in the upper course of the river there is more ___ erosion
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vertical
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the river cuts down into the valley. if there are areas of hard rock which are ___ to erode, the river will bend around it
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hard/difficult/resistant
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this creates interlocking spurs of land on either side of the V-shaped ___
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valley
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bends in the river's course
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meanders
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water travels faster on the ___ of the bend, this causes lateral erosion on the outside and deposition on the inside
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outside
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the neck of a meander will narrow as ___ occurs on the inside of the bend
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deposition
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after a while, the meander becomes sealed off from the main river: an ___ ___
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oxbow lake
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lower course: as the river floods, the water slows down, and deposits heavy silt particles to form ___
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floodplains
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increased deposition on the riverbed when the river is ___ raise the riverbed upwards
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low
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after many floods, the deposits on the bank build up, forming ___
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levees
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the speed of a river ___ as it approaches the sea
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decreases
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over time, ___ builds up to create a flat area of new land
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sediment
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this is a ___
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delta
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the river splits and spreads out into many different ___ due to the very shallow gradient
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streams
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particles of soil slowly moving down the sides of the valley under the influence of gravity
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soil creep
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the different in time between the peak of the rainstorm and the peak of the river discharge
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lag time
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the increase in discharge is shown by the ___ ___
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rising limb
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increasing flood risk: more impermeable soils and rocks will increase ___
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runoff
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runoff is greater and faster on ground with less ___ as plants use water
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vegetation
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___ conditions: when the ground is already saturated with water, further rain flows as runoff straight into the river
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antecedent
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urbanisation means less water is absorbed (tarmac is ___)
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impermeable
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___ change will increase UK flood risk as baking or freezing soil can't absorb water increasing runoff
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climate
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increased frequency of storms means more water flowing into the river and increasing ___ conditions
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antecedent
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hard engineering strategies: embankments and ___ blend in with surroundings but may burst and cause widespread flooding
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levees
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___ walls require minimal maintenance but block the view
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flood
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___ and reservoirs control the flow of water but are expensive
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dams
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flood ___ can be moved to where they're needed and quickly erected but don't provide long-lasting protection
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barriers
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river ___ can reduce flooding downstream
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restoration
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floodplain ___ provides somewhere for the floodwater to go, is attractive, provides spaces for leisure and recreation
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retention
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increases infiltration due to more vegetation
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afforestation
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settlements with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
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rural
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when a city has expanded outwards and absorbed smaller settlements that used to be separate
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conurbation
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central part of a conurbation
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urban core
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settlement areas around the edge of the urban core
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urban fringe
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number of people per square kilometer
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population density
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in rural areas, people often work more in the ___ sector and get lower wages
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primary
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where the EU invests in poorer regions to help them grow: EU ___ ___ fund
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regional development
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zones with tax cuts and faster broadband to attract businesses
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enterprise zones
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however, the UK is a member of the EEA (___ ___ __) and cannot restrict the movement of EEA citizens to the UK
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European Economic Area
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areas in the north-east were affected by the ___ mines being closed and now earn much lower wages in new industries
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coal
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after ___ which meant ships were too large for the docks, London's docklands were closed down
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containerisation
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they have since been ___ mostly into offices
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regenerated
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UK governments have encouraged ___ by privatising industries and allowing foreign companies to buy them
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FDI
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benefits of TNCs (___ ___): bring investment, thousands of jobs and new technologies
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transnational corporations
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negatives: ___ problems abroad might mean production gets shut down in the UK leading to unemployment
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economic
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not having access to the same resources and opportunities as other people
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deprivation
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scores and then ranks small areas across the whole UK for a range of different measures of deprivation
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index of multiple deprivation
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industries moving out of cities to cheaper locations
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deindustrialisation
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more businesses developing away from the urban core
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decentralisation
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when wealthier people move into deprived city areas where property is cheap
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gentrification
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when large numbers of young people become residents in student accommodation or other houses and flats
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studentification
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benefits of ___: new jobs, better access to services, derelict buildings are repurposed/rebuilt
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regeneration
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negatives: too ___ for poorer residents, cities lose individuality due to similar strategies nationwide
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expensive
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making urban living more sustainable: reduce ___ by reusing/recycling
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waste
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build new housing that is affordable and energy ___
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efficient
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use ___ sites for development to improve appearance of those areas and create new green spaces
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brownfield
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___ old buildings to enhance appeal of the area and improve energy efficiency
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renovate
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improve public ___ systems and use environmentally friendly vehicles
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transport
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rural areas are changing due to: house prices ___ because people can afford to live there and commute to the city
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increasing/rising
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___ people move to the city, ___ people move to rural areas
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young old/younger older
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most of the IMD indices show that city areas are ___ deprived than rural ones
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more
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however, the opposite is true for some ___ areas due to barriers to housing and services
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rural
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London is on the River ___
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Thames
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it is in western Europe, in the south-___ of the UK
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east
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it is connected to the rest of the UK by ___ which all lead to London
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motorways
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has 6 major ___, including Heathrow
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airports
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very well-connected railway, including lines that lead to the rest of ___
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Europe
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oldest part of the city, now dominated by modern buildings
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CBD
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little housing. what there is is mostly ___
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apartments
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___ land value
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high
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most accessible area due to the UK's ___ road system
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radial
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is expanding: a second CBD is forming at ___ ___
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Canary Wharf
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___ building density
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high
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___ air quality in the UK due to traffic
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worst
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part of the city developed in the 19th century when industry was located on the outskirts of London
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inner city
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in the 50s and 60s, many ___ ___ were built and to try and redevelop the inner city. there are also many terraced houses (historically for the workers)
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tower blocks
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some areas have become ___ due to their proximity to central London
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gentrified
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area developed mainly in the early 1900s where improvements in transport allowed people to commute
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suburbs
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sprawled outwards until the introduction of ___
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greenbelt
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___ is the dominant land use and is mostly detached or semi detached (low density)
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housing
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where the city meets the countryside
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rural-urban fringe
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the ___ quality is high and there's lots of green space
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environmental
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most ___ are working age adults
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migrants
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internal migrants are often recent university ___
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graduates
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international ones may be ___: often white, highly trained professionals from the US, EU, Australia or South Africa
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skilled
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may be ___: do jobs unwanted by UK workers or with unsocial hours. From the EU, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, West Africa
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unskilled
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most migrants seek cheap, ___ accommodations
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rented
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often ___ of particular ethnic communities develop
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clusters
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this is for 3 reasons: helps protect migrants against ___
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discrimination
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supports ethnic shops and services, like banks and places of ___
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worship
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helps to preserve cultural ___ with some even having cultural festivals, such as Notting Hill Carnival
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distinctiveness/pride/sanctity
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