Edexcel Geography B GCSE Paper 2

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Hint	Answer
Three types of rock: ___ made from magma	igneous
___ made from compressed sediment	sedimentary
___ another type of rock that was changed by heat or pressure	metamorphic
top half of the UK, made up mostly of igneous and metamorphic rock, forms ___ landscapes	upland
bottom half of the UK, made up mostly of sedimentary rock, forms ___ landscapes	lowland
The line separating the North and the South geologically	Tees-Exe
the top half of the UK was ___ during the last Ice Age	glaciated
the bottom half was not covered in ice sheets but was influenced by glacial ___	deposition
clays, sands and silts eroded by ___ up north were dumped and washed over southern areas	glaciers
chalk is strong and ___ (water moves through it)	permeable
it forms ___ when it occurs at coastlines	cliffs
it is only found in ___ Britain	lowland
clay is weak and ___ (water cannot move through it)	impermeable
it is found all over Britain. Clay landscapes are typically wide, flat plains with lots of bodies of ___	water
___ is hard and resistant to erosion but is susceptible to chemical weathering	granite
it is impermeable so landscapes made of this rock have poor ___	drainage
towers of granite chemically weathered into blocks	tors
___ are formed from shale. these rocks split easily	schists
armchair shaped hollows formed on the sides of mountains	corries
unstable sleep mountain slope composed of rock fragments	scree slope
high precipitation over impermeable rocks in the Lake District forms ___	streams
___ ___ ___ with misfit rivers were expanded by glacial action	u shaped valleys
they have a ___ bottom and ___ sides	flat steep
in lowland, rivers have ___ and eroded a wide valley between low hills	meandered
the rivers transport ___ eroded from the channel	silt
when there is prolonged, heavy ___ in the region, the rivers flood and water spreads out on the valley floor and deposits the silt	rain
this forms a wide, flat ___	floodplain
human activity: ___ - drainage ditches are built to drain water away from low-lying land to allow crops to grow	agriculture
___ have been cleared to make way for agricultural land	trees
human activity: ___ - planting, managing and caring for forests	forestry
human activity: ___ - they grew up where the landscape offered particular advantages for life	settlement
eg. natural harbours were sites for fishing villages, springs gave people reliable ___	freshwater
with soft rock landscapes, cliffs will be ___ rugged and steep. landscapes include bays	less
hard rock: cliffs will be high, steep and rugged. landscapes include ___-cut platforms and headlands	wave
small cracks in rock	joints
larger cracks in rock	faults
both of these make rock more susceptible to ___	erosion
how fast coastal erosion occurs is influenced by: ___ levels (saturated cliffs are more vulnerable)	groundwater
wave ___ (how powerful waves are, direction, fetch, height, etc)	climate
local currents and tidal ___ (difference in height between low and high tide)	range
coasts made up of alternating rock types, perpendicular to the sea	discordant
soft rock is easily eroded, but hard rock is more ___	resistant
___ form due to the rapid erosion by soft rock	bays
when formed, these are left ___ by headlands and so are less eroded	sheltered
the headlands are more vulnerable to erosion now because wave energy is ___ there	concentrated
formed when the waves erode a weakness in the headland	cave
where two caves erode back from either side of a headland and meet in the middle	arch
when an arch collapses	stack
when ^^ is eroded by wind and water	stump
coasts made up of alternating rock types, parallel to the sea	concordant
___ form when water erodes a fault in the hard rock and breaks through to the soft rock, eroding it	coves
a wave-cut ___ can form between the high and low water lines	notch
the overhanging rock collapses and the cliff retreats ___	inland
forms an area of flat rock at the base of a cliff where the cliff once was: a wave-cut ___	platform
weight and impact of water along the coast line eroding the coast	hydraulic action
rocks thrown against the coast during storms	abrasion
the rocks and pebbles carried by the waves rub together and break down	attrition
chemical action by seawater on some rocks. these 4 methods also apply to rivers	solution
three types of weathering: (freeze-thaw. water freezes in rock cracks and expands. over time, crack widens, pieces of rock fall off)	mechanical
when the rock's mineral composition is changed, eg. limestone being dissolved by the weak carbolic acid in rainwater	chemical
caused by plants and animals, eg. when tree roots widen cracks in rocks	biological
when loosened rocks and soil suddenly tumble down a slope	sliding
when rock (often clay) is saturated with water and slides down a curved slip plane	slumping
where the coastline moves further inland	coastal retreat
longshore drift process: waves approach the coast at an ___	angle
___ pushes sand and gravel up the beach at the same angle	swash
___ carries sand and gravel back down the beach at 90 degrees to the coastline due to gravity	backwash
sand and gravel move along the beach in a ___ pattern	zigzag
large boulders being moved along the seabed by waves	traction
smaller stones bounced along the seabed	saltation
sand and small particles carried along in the flow	suspension
materials are dissolved in seawater and carried along in the flow	solution
these 4 are ___ processes and also apply to rivers	transportation
different factors reduce the wave's energy and influence ___ by constructive waves	deposition
if a spot is ___ (eg. in a bay)	sheltered
conditions being ___	calm
a gentle ___ offshore causing friction	gradient
accumulation of sand and shingle formed by deposition	beach
narrow projection of sand or shingle that is attached to the land at one end	spit
they extend across a bay or ___ or where the coastline changes direction	estuary
also formed by longshore drift depositing material in a ridge, but grow right across the bay	bar
cut off the water to form a ___	lagoon
wall that protects cliffs and buildings (but is expensive)	sea wall
prevents sea removing sand (but makes other areas of coastline more vulnerable and requires regular maintenance)	groynes
extra sand added to reduce wave energy and maintain tourism	beach replenishment
reduces mass movement and slippage, but the foot of the cliff is still vulnerable	slope stabilisation
ICZM: integrated coastal zone ___	management
not doing anything and allowing homes and land to be lost	do nothing
maintain the existing shoreline	hold the line
bring the existing shoreline out further	advance the line
move people and activities inland	strategic realignment
case study: the river ___. going downstream:	Severn
gradient becomes ___ steep	less
discharge, depth and velocity ___	increase
___ in Gloucestershire frequently experiences flooding from the Severn	Tewkesbury
the river is ___ miles long	220
___ shape becomes wider and flatter	channel

Hint	Answer
___ shape becomes less steep	valley
waterfall formation: a band of ___ resistant rock lies over ___ resistant rock	more less
less resistant rock is eroded more quickly, leaving a 'step' - the ___	waterfall
more resistant rock is undercut, forming an ___	overhang
when this can't be supported, blocks of rock fall down into a ___ ___	plunge pool
the waterfall retreats, leaving a steep-sided ___	gorge
interlocking spurs: in the upper course of the river there is more ___ erosion	vertical
the river cuts down into the valley. if there are areas of hard rock which are ___ to erode, the river will bend around it	hard/difficult/resistant
this creates interlocking spurs of land on either side of the V-shaped ___	valley
bends in the river's course	meanders
water travels faster on the ___ of the bend, this causes lateral erosion on the outside and deposition on the inside	outside
the neck of a meander will narrow as ___ occurs on the inside of the bend	deposition
after a while, the meander becomes sealed off from the main river: an ___ ___	oxbow lake
lower course: as the river floods, the water slows down, and deposits heavy silt particles to form ___	floodplains
increased deposition on the riverbed when the river is ___ raise the riverbed upwards	low
after many floods, the deposits on the bank build up, forming ___	levees
the speed of a river ___ as it approaches the sea	decreases
over time, ___ builds up to create a flat area of new land	sediment
this is a ___	delta
the river splits and spreads out into many different ___ due to the very shallow gradient	streams
particles of soil slowly moving down the sides of the valley under the influence of gravity	soil creep
the different in time between the peak of the rainstorm and the peak of the river discharge	lag time
the increase in discharge is shown by the ___ ___	rising limb
increasing flood risk: more impermeable soils and rocks will increase ___	runoff
runoff is greater and faster on ground with less ___ as plants use water	vegetation
___ conditions: when the ground is already saturated with water, further rain flows as runoff straight into the river	antecedent
urbanisation means less water is absorbed (tarmac is ___)	impermeable
___ change will increase UK flood risk as baking or freezing soil can't absorb water increasing runoff	climate
increased frequency of storms means more water flowing into the river and increasing ___ conditions	antecedent
hard engineering strategies: embankments and ___ blend in with surroundings but may burst and cause widespread flooding	levees
___ walls require minimal maintenance but block the view	flood
___ and reservoirs control the flow of water but are expensive	dams
flood ___ can be moved to where they're needed and quickly erected but don't provide long-lasting protection	barriers
river ___ can reduce flooding downstream	restoration
floodplain ___ provides somewhere for the floodwater to go, is attractive, provides spaces for leisure and recreation	retention
increases infiltration due to more vegetation	afforestation
settlements with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants	rural
when a city has expanded outwards and absorbed smaller settlements that used to be separate	conurbation
central part of a conurbation	urban core
settlement areas around the edge of the urban core	urban fringe
number of people per square kilometer	population density
in rural areas, people often work more in the ___ sector and get lower wages	primary
where the EU invests in poorer regions to help them grow: EU ___ ___ fund	regional development
zones with tax cuts and faster broadband to attract businesses	enterprise zones
however, the UK is a member of the EEA (___ ___ __) and cannot restrict the movement of EEA citizens to the UK	European Economic Area
areas in the north-east were affected by the ___ mines being closed and now earn much lower wages in new industries	coal
after ___ which meant ships were too large for the docks, London's docklands were closed down	containerisation
they have since been ___ mostly into offices	regenerated
UK governments have encouraged ___ by privatising industries and allowing foreign companies to buy them	FDI
benefits of TNCs (___ ___): bring investment, thousands of jobs and new technologies	transnational corporations
negatives: ___ problems abroad might mean production gets shut down in the UK leading to unemployment	economic
not having access to the same resources and opportunities as other people	deprivation
scores and then ranks small areas across the whole UK for a range of different measures of deprivation	index of multiple deprivation
industries moving out of cities to cheaper locations	deindustrialisation
more businesses developing away from the urban core	decentralisation
when wealthier people move into deprived city areas where property is cheap	gentrification
when large numbers of young people become residents in student accommodation or other houses and flats	studentification
benefits of ___: new jobs, better access to services, derelict buildings are repurposed/rebuilt	regeneration
negatives: too ___ for poorer residents, cities lose individuality due to similar strategies nationwide	expensive
making urban living more sustainable: reduce ___ by reusing/recycling	waste
build new housing that is affordable and energy ___	efficient
use ___ sites for development to improve appearance of those areas and create new green spaces	brownfield
___ old buildings to enhance appeal of the area and improve energy efficiency	renovate
improve public ___ systems and use environmentally friendly vehicles	transport
rural areas are changing due to: house prices ___ because people can afford to live there and commute to the city	increasing/rising
___ people move to the city, ___ people move to rural areas	young old/younger older
most of the IMD indices show that city areas are ___ deprived than rural ones	more
however, the opposite is true for some ___ areas due to barriers to housing and services	rural
London is on the River ___	Thames
it is in western Europe, in the south-___ of the UK	east
it is connected to the rest of the UK by ___ which all lead to London	motorways
has 6 major ___, including Heathrow	airports
very well-connected railway, including lines that lead to the rest of ___	Europe
oldest part of the city, now dominated by modern buildings	CBD
little housing. what there is is mostly ___	apartments
___ land value	high
most accessible area due to the UK's ___ road system	radial
is expanding: a second CBD is forming at ___ ___	Canary Wharf
___ building density	high
___ air quality in the UK due to traffic	worst
part of the city developed in the 19th century when industry was located on the outskirts of London	inner city
in the 50s and 60s, many ___ ___ were built and to try and redevelop the inner city. there are also many terraced houses (historically for the workers)	tower blocks
some areas have become ___ due to their proximity to central London	gentrified
area developed mainly in the early 1900s where improvements in transport allowed people to commute	suburbs
sprawled outwards until the introduction of ___	greenbelt
___ is the dominant land use and is mostly detached or semi detached (low density)	housing
where the city meets the countryside	rural-urban fringe
the ___ quality is high and there's lots of green space	environmental
most ___ are working age adults	migrants
internal migrants are often recent university ___	graduates
international ones may be ___: often white, highly trained professionals from the US, EU, Australia or South Africa	skilled
may be ___: do jobs unwanted by UK workers or with unsocial hours. From the EU, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, West Africa	unskilled
most migrants seek cheap, ___ accommodations	rented
often ___ of particular ethnic communities develop	clusters
this is for 3 reasons: helps protect migrants against ___	discrimination
supports ethnic shops and services, like banks and places of ___	worship
helps to preserve cultural ___ with some even having cultural festivals, such as Notting Hill Carnival	distinctiveness/pride/sanctity

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