YEAR TWO: A-Level Chemistry OCR-B - Statistics

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Answer Stats

Hint	Answer	% Correct
ammonia has a ____ of electrons on the nitrogen	lone pair	100%
ammonia can act as a base because it can form a ____ covalent bond with a hydrogen ion giving the ammonium ion	dative	50%
nitrogen molecules are unreactive due to the strong ____ which must be broken before it can react	triple bond	50%
for a reaction to be feasible, total entropy change to the system and surroundings must be greater than ____	0/zero	0%
a metal/metal ion half cell will use a ____ mol dm^-3 solution of ions and a metal electrode	1	0%
there are ____ amino acids. you abbreviate them to their first three letters	20	0%
Cu 2+ forms complexes with water with coordination number 6 and complexes with ammonia and chloride with coordination number ____	4	0%
when transition metals form cations, they lose the ____ electrons first	4s	0%
these compounds are produced in solutions below ____ degrees C	5	0%
iron 2+ and iron 3+ form complexes with water with coordination number ____	6	0%
part of this energy is ____ by the Earth and atmosphere, some reflected back into space	absorbed	0%
carbon dioxide absorbs in the IR window so increased CO2 levels mean more radiation is being ____ across a greater range of wavelengths	absorbed	0%
Ka = [H+] [salt] / [ ____ ] for buffers	acid	0%
to find pH of a weak acid, you must find Ka, the ____	acid dissociation constant	0%
dyes with a negative charge when dissolved in water due to the presence of sulfonate groups	acid dyes	0%
amines react with ____ to completion and the solution loses its strong smell	acids	0%
some steps in a reaction are slower than others due to a larger ____	activation enthalpy	0%
a reaction may be feasible at standard conditions but slow if ____ is high	activation enthalpy	0%
where on the enzyme the substrate binds	active site	0%
benzene + ethanoyl chloride + anhydrous aluminium chloride is a Friedel Crafts ____ and forms phenylethanone + HCl	acylation	0%
this is nucleophilic ____	addition	0%
____ pairs with thymine/uracil and forms 2 hydrogen bonds	adenine	0%
(2) the components of the mixture each have a different ____ for the stationary vs mobile phase	affinity	0%
primary amine: one ____ group. secondary: two. tertiary: three	alkyl	0%
solutions of amines are alkaline because they can be protonated by water, forming an ____ ion and hydroxide ion	alkylammonium	0%
benzene + chloroethane + anhydrous aluminium chloride is a Friedel Crafts ____ and forms ethylbenzene + HCl	alkylation	0%
Devarda's alloy contains copper, ____ and zinc (____ is the reducing agent)	aluminium	0%
chlorination is similar except it uses an ____ (III) chloride catalyst	aluminium	0%
diamines and dicarboxylic acids can be used to make a polymer (called polyamide or nylon) chain linked by ____ groups	amide	0%
primary ____ are derivatives of carboxylic acids made by replacing the -OH group with -NH2	amides	0%
acyl chloride + ____ -> secondary amide + hydrochloric acid	amine	0%
____ contain at least one amino group and one carboxylic acid group	amino acids	0%
to test for ammonium ions, heat gently with sodium hydroxide solution and ____ gas will be evolved	ammonia	0%
product: ____. feedstock: methane, air, water. raw materials: natural gas, air, water	ammonia	0%
amine structure resembles ____ in which alkyl groups replace one, two or three of the hydrogen atoms	ammonia	0%
Cu(OH)2 will give a a deep blue-purple solution on addition of excess ____ solution	ammonia	0%
nitrite and nitrate are both water soluble and are made through oxidation of ____ ions by aerobic bacteria in soil	ammonium	0%
when oxygen content is low, ____ bacteria reduce nitrate (V) ions to gaseous nitrogen	anaerobic	0%
these occur at room temperature but aluminium (III) chloride can only be used in ____ conditions	anhydrous	0%
(2) tRNA with an attached amino acid binds to the mRNA by its complementary ____	anticodon	0%
if the R groups are ____ groups then the azo compound is more stable than if they are alkyl groups	arene	0%
____ equation: k = Ae^(Ea/RT) or lnK = lnA - (Ea/RT)	Arrhenius	0%
the start codon is ____ and the amino acid methionine is always at the start of the protein sequence (sometimes hydrolysed off later)	AUG	0%
____ functional group is R1-N=N-R2	azo	0%
the simplest way to protect steel from rust is with a ____ between the metal and atmosphere e.g. oil, grease, paint	barrier	0%
manufacture also provides ____ such as biofuels, colorants, foodstuffs, paints, fertilisers, etc	benefits	0%
a ____ ring is an example of a delocalised system	benzene	0%
however, if the group is attached to a ____ ring, it is stable enough to be formed as an intermediate	benzene	0%
the ethanedioate is ____ because it can form two bonds with a metal ion	bidentate	0%
Fehling's B is an alkaline solution containing a ____ ligand	bidentate	0%
compounds with 2 functional groups	bifunctional	0%
ammonia turns damp red litmus paper ____ and has a characteristic sharp choking smell	blue	0%
the electrophile is formed from Br2 and FeBr3 - produces ____+ and [FeBr4]-	Br	0%
naptha is steam cracked or can be reformed into ____ alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons for high grade petrol	branched chain	0%
amino acids can ____ against pH changes due to the zwitterions so amino acids exist in 3 different ionic forms depending on pH of the solution	buffer	0%
(2) almost all the HA put in the ____ remain unchanged	buffer	0%
____ resist changes in pH on additional of small quantities of acid or alkali	buffers	0%
unwanted products produced from reactions	byproduct	0%
a GLC instument must be ____ using samples of known compounds	calibrated	0%
you can reduce cost with use of an effective ____, recycling unreacted feedstock and selling coproduct	catalyst	0%
the reactions are relatively slow because the mechanism disrupts the conjugated system and a ____ is often required	catalyst	0%
gas oil is ____ cracked to ethene, propene and high grade petrol	catalytically	0%
the electrophile is the NO2+ ____	cation	0%
the overall ____ of a complex is the sum of the ____ on the metal ion and the charges on the ligands	charge	0%
in heterogeneous catalysis, transition metals can use the 3d and 4s electrons of atoms on the metal surface to form weak bonds to reactants - ____	chemisorption	0%
molecules non-superimposable on their mirror images are ____	chiral	0%
enantiomers share most chemical and physical properties but may behave differently in the presence of other ____ molecules and sometimes smell or taste different	chiral	0%
a carbon atom bonded to four different groups	chiral centre	0%
acyl ____ + ammonia -> primary amide + hydrochloric acid	chloride	0%
signals from the detector are plotted as a ____	chromatogram	0%
the 4s subshell is usually filled before the 3d subshell except in ____ and copper	chromium	0%
____ has an electron in each 3d sub shell and an electron in the 4s sub shell	chromium	0%
inserting nitro groups into a benzene ring that is part of a ____ will modify the wavelength of light absorbed	chromophore	0%
the region within a molecule that absorbs visible light and is responsible for its colour	chromophore	0%
each three bases, or ____, code for an amino acids	codons	0%
(2) this is transferred to other molecules in the air by ____ which increases their kinetic energy and the temperature of the air	collisions	0%
nitrogen oxide is a ____ gas that turns to brown nitrogen dioxide in air	colourless	0%
the material is packed into a ____ which is coiled inside an oven	column	0%
one strand can synthesise a ____ copy of itself prior to cell division	complementary	0%
the ____ colour to the one absorbed will be seen	complementary	0%
colour of a transition metal ____ depends on number of d-electrons, arrangement of ligands, and the nature of the ligand	complex	0%
a ____ consists of a central metal ion surrounded by ligands	complex	0%
silver ions in the [Ag(NH3)2]+ ____ are reduced to elemental silver	complex	0%
iron (II) hydroxide is a gelatinous green precipitate, iron (III) hydroxide gelatinous orange, neither form ____ with ammonia	complexes	0%
if a complex is charged, it is called a ____	complex ion	0%
to find order of reaction for a reactant you must make sure the only thing changing is the ____ of that reactant	concentration	0%
oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions at the edges of the water droplet where oxygen ____ is high	concentration	0%
m and n are the powers to which the ____ need to be raised	concentrations	0%
____ polymerisation: monomers react to give a larger chain polymer and a small stable molecule (usually water or HCl)	condensation	0%
an acid and its deprotonated form are called a ____ acid-base pair because the ____ base can accept a proton and become the acid again	conjugate	0%
some organic molecules consist of a system of alternating single and double bonds called a ____ system	conjugated	0%
conditions such as temperature affect retention time so conditions must remain ____	constant	0%
ligands form a dative covalent bond (or ____ bond) with the metal, making the ligands Lewis bases	coordinate	0%
number of bonds from the central ion to the ligands (usually 6 or 4)	coordination number	0%
____ has a full 3d sub shell and one electron in the 4s sub shell	copper	0%
Fehling's A contains the weak oxidising agent ____ 2+	copper/Cu	0%
a second product that also has a commercial benefit	coproduct	0%
electrical charge is measured in ____ and current is a measure of charge per second (measured in amperes)	coulombs	0%
in a ____ reaction, a diazonium compound acts as an electrophile and reacts with the benzene ring of a coupling agent	coupling	0%
a compound containing a relatively reactive benzene ring, usually with a phenol or phenylamine	coupling agent	0%
these form ____ bonds with polymers that have OH or NH2 groups	covalent	0%
distillation of ____ produces various fractions such as LPG, naphtha, and gas oil	crude oil	0%
CN- from KCN can be added across the C=O bond in acidic conditions to form ____ (2-hydroxynitriles)	cyanohydrins	0%
____ pairs with guanine and forms 3 hydrogen bonds	cytosine	0%
the DNA code is ____ as some codons code for the same amino acid	degenerate	0%
the charges on a complex ion are ____ over the whole ion	delocalised	0%
the electrons in the p orbitals making up the pi bonds become ____ over all the atoms in the system	delocalised	0%
it comes from combustion processes, thunderstorms, and formation in the soil by ____	denitrifying bacteria	0%
dinitrogen oxide is a colourless gas formed in the soil by ____	denitrifying bacteria	0%
____ oxidation of a metal occurs at an anode site so any technique that makes a metal a cathode will prevent it from corrosion	destructive	0%
test for nitrate (V) ions: heat with sodium hydroxide and ____, ammonia gas will be evolved	Devarda's alloy	0%
diazonium compounds contain the ____ group R-N+≡N	diazonium	0%
azo compounds are formed from a reaction between a ____ and a coupling agent	diazonium salt	0%
this reaction is called ____	diazotisation	0%
for this you can assume a very ____ solution where ion-ion interactions are negligible	dilute	0%
molecule with two carboxyl groups has suffix ____ acid	dioic acid	0%
many ionic substances form aqueous solutions because the charged ions can interact with the ____ on the water	dipoles	0%
strong acids ____ completely but weak acids do not	dissociate	0%
(3) compounds who more greatly favour the mobile phase emerge more quickly than those that ____ in the stationary phase	dissolve	0%
to break down a lattice therefore a lot of energy is required, which tends to stop substances ____ unless the energy is paid back later	dissolving	0%
this stability allows aromatic azo compounds to be used as ____	dyes	0%
____ of a chemical process affects total costs	efficiency	0%
____ use redox reactions to generate electricity	electrochemical cells	0%
the ____ series is (from most negative to most positive standard electrode potential) is magnesium, zinc, hydrogen, copper, silver	electrochemical series	0%
hot objects emit ____ - the hotter the object, the higher the energy	electromagnetic radiation	0%
you can arrange for two half-reactions to occur simultaneously with ____ flowing through an external wire from one to the other	electrons	0%
another method of making it a cathode is by externally supplying ____ to it	electrons	0%
benzene reacts with ____ in an electrophilic substitution reaction	electrophiles	0%
non-superimposable mirror images	enantiomers/optical isomers	0%
heat exchanger: allows exothermic parts of the process to supply energy to ____ parts	endothermic	0%
some spontaneous reactions are ____	endothermic	0%
an ____ cycle will represent this	enthalpy	0%
the enthalpy change for the formation of an aqueous solution of ions from one mole of gaseous ions	enthalpy change of hydration	0%
the difference between the enthalpy changes of hydration of the anion and cation and the lattice enthalpy gives this	enthalpy change of solution	0%
general term for enthalpy change when dissolving in solvents other than water	enthalpy change of solvation	0%
the ____ for a reaction involving two steps will have two activation energies	enthalpy profile	0%
a measure of the number of ways that molecules and their associated energy can be arranged	entropy	0%
total ____ change = ____ change of the system - (enthalpy change/temperature)	entropy	0%
carbon-13 NMR and proton NMR are methods of nuclear magnetic resonance to determine number of carbon and hydrogen ____ and their properties	environments	0%
necessary to balance rate, position of ____ and costs to get the greatest yield for money	equilibrium	0%
acyl chlorides react with alcohols to form ____	esters	0%
product: ____. feedstock: methanol, carbon monoxide, water. raw materials: coal/natural gas, air, water	ethanoic acid	0%
LPG is steam cracked to form ____ and propene	ethene	0%
e.g. by using a large ____ of a reactant so concentration does not significantly change	excess	0%
enthalpy of hydrogenation is less ____ than predicted (should be 3x cyclohexene)	exothermic	0%
the carboxylic (or ____) acids can be saturated or unsaturated	fatty	0%
half reactions: (1) Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- <=> ____ (s)	Fe	0%
you can use electrode potentials to make predictions about the ____ of redox reactions under certain conditions	feasibility	0%
____ test: a mixture of ____ A and B is warmed in a water bath with the aldehyde, colour change from blue solution to brick red precipitate	Fehling's	0%
costs incurred by the company irrespective of how much product is produced (e.g. labour costs, land rental, sales expenses, depreciation of the plant value)	fixed costs	0%
esters have ____ or fruity smells	floral	0%
burning of ____ has led to increasing levels of greenhouse gases	fossil fuels	0%
A is the ____ which is a representation of collision frequency and orientation of moelcules	frequency factor	0%
these can be modified by changing ____ to make the medicine more effective or reduce side effects	functional groups	0%
e.g. ____ steel: covered with a layer of zinc - as long as this remains undamaged a protective metal oxide layer will form and protect the lower layer	galvanised	0%
process: (1) the sample is injected into the ____ stream before it enters the column	gas	0%
a DNA segment that codes for a particular protein	gene	0%
____ proteins are globular and have both sheets and helices	globular	0%
carbon dioxide and methane are examples of ____ gases	greenhouse	0%
NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) => NH3 (g) + ____ (l)	H2O	0%
you can use the progress curve to find ____ of a reaction - if ____ is constant, the reaction is first order	half life	0%
____ include: flammable gases, acidic gases, toxic emissions, all of which must be managed and are legislated	hazards	0%
the area (or ____ if the peaks are very sharp) under each peak depends on the amount of compound present	height	0%
(3) the double ____ reforms and the mRNA passes out of the nucleus	helix	0%
a ____ is used to determine potential difference between the half cells	high resistance voltmeter	0%
we sometimes use ____ mass spectrometry for molecules with similar Mr (accurate to 4dp)	high resolution	0%
the reactant here is nitrous acid formula: ____ which reacts with the amine functional group	HNO2	0%
in ____ catalysis, the transition metal usually forms an intermediate compound with 1+ reactants that breaks down to form the products	homogeneous	0%
ions in solution are ____ either strongly or weakly depending on charge density	hydrated	0%
e.g. if you add concentrated ____ acid to a [Cu(H2O)6]2+ complex a [CuCl4]2- complex will form	hydrochloric	0%
(1) dissolve the aromatic amine in dilute ____	hydrochloric acid	0%
amines can form ____ bonds with water and become less soluble as the carbon chain gets longer and the amine group has less effect	hydrogen	0%
transcription: (1) a section of the DNA unzips by breaking the ____ bonds between strands	hydrogen	0%
the benzene ring remains intact and a ____ ion is released	hydrogen	0%
if a dye is a linear molecule with several NH2 groups and the polymer has frequent OH groups the dye and fibre can ____ bond	hydrogen	0%
pH = -log[ ____ ]	hydrogen ions/H+	0%
you can ____ proteins by heating with moderately concentrated acid or alkali (catalysed by enzymes instead in living systems)	hydrolyse	0%
(1) Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) => Fe(OH)2 (s) forms iron (II) ____	hydroxide	0%
in nitrate (____) ions, one oxygen is bonded with a single bond and one with a double bond and there is a lone pair on the nitrogen	III	0%
lattice enthalpies become more negative when: ionic charges ____ and radii decrease	increase	0%
the anode is usually an ____ electrode which is corrosion resistant	inert	0%
the Earth radiates mainly ____ radiation	infrared	0%
greenhouse gases absorb some of the ____ radiation emitted by the Earth	infrared	0%
prevent substrates binding by binding to the active site and occupying it	inhibitors	0%
finding the ____ for different concentrations lets you work out order of reaction	initial rate	0%
if the dye is small and not very polar, and the polymer has no OH or NH groups, ____ bonds form	instantaneous dipole induced dipole	0%
usually the ____ are at higher energy than the reactants and products because they have unusual structures or bonding	intermediates	0%
pH changes alter the shape of the active site by interfering with the ____ groups	ionisable	0%
benzene reacts with liquid bromine in the presence of an ____ (III) bromide catalyst	iron	0%
the wavelengths of infrared that water vapour doesn't absorb	IR window	0%
units of entropy are ____ per Kelvin per mole	joules	0%
pKa = -log[ ____ ]	Ka	0%
the ____ model showed alternating single and double bonds but was disproved by thermochemical data	Kekulé	0%
solubility product ____ = [concentration of ion]^moles of ion x [concentration of other ion]^moles of other ion	Ksp	0%
calculating pH of a strong alkali requires using ____ (the ionisation product of water)	Kw	0%
____ = [H+][OH-]	Kw	0%
the energy change when one mole of an ionic compound's crystal lattice forms from its constituent gaseous ions under standard conditions	lattice enthalpy	0%
____ surrounding a metal ion in solution causes d-orbital splitting	ligands	0%
anions or neutral molecules with at least one lone pair of electrons	ligands	0%
LPG	liquefied petroleum gas	0%
ethanedioate structure: two connected -COO- groups, each O- has a ____ it uses to form the coordinate bond	lone pair	0%
these systems can include ____ from correctly oriented oxygen and nitrogen atoms	lone pairs	0%
the more electrons are delocalised, the smaller the energy gap, and the ____ the wavelengths of light absorbed	longer	0%
overall order of reaction = ____ + n	m	0%
the free fatty acids are released from the sodium salts by adding a dilute ____ acid like HCl (aq)	mineral	0%
esters and amides can be hydrolysed by addition of a ____ concentrated acid or alkali	moderately	0%
the power of each substance in the rate equation corresponds to number of ____ of each substance in the rate determining step	molecules	0%
common ____ ligands are chloride, ammonia, cyanide and hydroxide	monodentate	0%
using a metal ion to join dye to fabric by forming chelate complex ions	mordanting	0%
(2) add a cold solution of sodium nitrate (III) formula: ____	NaNO2	0%
the ____ terminal of a dc supply is connected to the metal - electrons flow from anode to cathode so this makes the metal a cathode	negative	0%
these are large ____ quantities that depend on size and charge of the ion	negative	0%
a new C-C bond forms and a pair of electrons in the C=O bond move onto the oxygen atom giving it a ____ charge	negative	0%
amino acids are water-soluble and usually ____ in solution	neutral	0%
3NO3- + 8Al + 5OH- => 3____ + 8[Al(OH)4]-	NH3	0%
HNO3 + 2H2SO4 -> NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H3O+ where the products are the ____	nitrating mixture	0%
benzene reacts with a mixture of concentrated ____ acid and sulfuric acid (nitrating mixture)	nitric	0%
product: ____. feedstock: ammonia, air, water. raw materials: natural gas.oil, air	nitric acid	0%
this is called ____ is carried out by the bacteria to obtain respiratory energy	nitrification	0%
if the temperature is kept below 55C the product is ____	nitrobenzene	0%
diazonium salts are usually unstable because the diazonium group is easily lost, forming ____ gas	nitrogen	0%
NH4+ (aq) + 1.5O2 (g) => ____- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + H2O(l)	NO2	0%
____- (aq) => NO2- (aq) => NO (g) => N2O (g) => N2 (g)	NO3	0%
NO2- (aq) + 0.5O2 (g) => ____- (aq)	NO3	0%
ionic solids are not soluble in ____ solvents like hexane because the interactions between ions and solvent is weak	non polar	0%
the cyanide ion is a ____ and is attracted to the partially positive carbon	nucleophile	0%
DNA monomer: phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine	nucleotide	0%
(2) RNA ____ pair to complementary bases and are joined using enzymes	nucleotides	0%
complexes with coordination number 6 are usually ____	octahedral	0%
(2) 0.5O2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2e- <=> 2____- (aq)	OH	0%
JUST DO PRACTICE QUESTIONS ON USING INFRARED, MASS SPECTRA, C-13 AND H NMR IM NOT WRITING ALLAT IN HERE (type OK)	ok	0%
____ isomerism arises because the four single bonds around a carbon atom are arranged tetrahedrally	optical	0%
if i double concentration of reactant, and rate doubled, ____ = 1. if i double it and rate quadruples, ____ = 2	order of reaction	0%
they interact with receptor sites by forming weak interactions and can fit into receptor sites with the correct size, shape and ____	orientation	0%
a detector on the ____ tube monitors the compounds coming out of the column	outlet	0%
nitrogen dioxide is a brown gas formed by ____ of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere	oxidation	0%
transition metals are particularly effective catalysts in redox reactions because they can move between ____ states	oxidation	0%
in equations, charge, number of atoms and ____ state must all be balanced	oxidation	0%
the electrons needed for this come from the ____ of iron at the centre, where concentration of dissolved oxygen is low	oxidation	0%
the blue Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ which are precipitate as copper (I) ____	oxide	0%
aldehydes can be ____ but ketones cannot	oxidised	0%
(2) Fe(OH)2 (s) => Fe2O3 • xH2O in the presence of dissolved ____	oxygen	0%
____ can be used to identify the individual amino acids present in a peptide	paper chromatography	0%
____ = [component in stationary phase] / [component in mobile phase]	partition coefficient	0%
a ____ link forms when 2 amino acids react to form a secondary amide group	peptide	0%
(3) amino acids held close together form ____	peptide links	0%
the part of a medicine's molecule that gives a medicine its effect	pharmacophore	0%
____ groups are H2PO4-	phosphate	0%
the end point is where the first permanent ____ colour is observed because MnO4- is in excess	pink	0%
feedstock needs to be in an easy-to-handle form. transferring gases and liquids is done by ____	pipeline	0%
cost of ____ may be high so number of pumps and length of piping is kept to a minimum	piping	0%
the benzene ring is a regular, ____ hexagon with bond angles 120	planar	0%
the p orbital electrons form a delocalised charge cloud above and below the ____ of the ring which increases stability	plane	0%
sales of product have to offset initial costs like research and development, ____ design and construction, and initial production	plant	0%
an ion/other ion half cell will use a solution containing both ions and an inert ____ electrode	platinum	0%
this comprises of a 1 mol dm^-3 acid solution, ____ electrode, glass tube covering the electrode with holes to allow gas to escape, and hydrogen entering the tube at the top	platinum	0%
acid dyes are applied in acid conditions where ____ and protein fibres will have positive NH3+ groups	polyaide	0%
(2) for stationary phase, a small amount of liquid with a high boiling point held on a finely divided inert ____	porous support	0%
to determine Ecell, measure the ____ potential difference between the terminals of the cell	positive	0%
when two-half cells are placed together, the one with the more ____ potential will become the positive terminal of the cell	positive	0%
oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions and iron is oxidised to iron (II) ions because the oxygen/hydroxide half-cell has a more ____ electrode potential	positive	0%
the electrophile is SO3+ which carries a large partial ____ charge on the sulfur atom	positive	0%
iron content can be analysed using redox titration as iron (II) can be oxidised to iron (II) by ____ (VII) in solution	potassium manganate	0%
you can use Ksp to predict if a ____ will form: if the calculated value is greater than Ksp, the substance will precipitate out	precipitate	0%
____ + water + H+ => carboxylic acid + ammonium	primary amide	0%
____ + water + OH- => carboxylate salt + ammonia	primary amide	0%
sequence of amino acids, determines ultimate structure and thus function	primary structure	0%
a ____ shows how the concentration of a reactant or product changes over the course of a reaction	progress curve	0%
oils and fats are mostly esters of glycerol ( ____ ) with long chain carboxylic acids	propane 1,2,3-triol	0%
the new negative ion takes up a ____ from the solvent	proton	0%
amino acids form zwitterions because the -COOH can donate a ____ to the -NH2	proton/H+	0%
these usually have to be prepared or treated to ____ them and ensure they are present in the right proportions	purify	0%
(3) some infrared is re-emitted back towards Earth, some out towards space, and the overall effect is to trap some ____ that otherwise would have been lost	radiation	0%
____ of reaction is measured as a change in property over time, e.g. volume of gas evolved, mass change, pH measurement, colorimetry, titration	rate	0%
rate = k[A]^m[B]^m where k is the ____	rate constant	0%
the ____ is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism	rate determining step	0%
chemical processes have various costs, e.g. the ____ to make the feedstock	raw materials	0%
e.g. by measuring the ____ time to produce a small, fixed amount of one of the products	reaction	0%
the -OH group in phenol is less ____ than in alcohol so does not esterify with carboxylic acids	reactive	0%
fibre reactive dyes are formed by adding ____ groups to the dye molecule	reactive	0%
carboxylic acids, phenols and alcohols form salts with metals in a ____ reaction	redox	0%
a more positive Ecell indicates a greater tendency for ____	reduction	0%
the peptide is hydrolysed under ____ and the product compared to known samples of pure amino acids using chromatography	reflux	0%
heating benzene and concentrated sulfuric acid under ____ for several hours, benzenesulfonic acid is formed	reflux	0%
shows that the structure is more stable so less energy is ____ when it is hydrogenated	released	0%
amino aid which has lost the elements of water in forming a peptide	residue	0%
these are called order of reaction with ____ to A and B	respect	0%
the time a given compound is held in the column	retention time	0%
deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA and ____ in RNA	ribose	0%
translation: (1) mRNA attaches to the ____	ribosome	0%
the volatile amines have strong smells of ____	rotting fish	0%
____ forms in a series of secondary processes within the solution as the Fe2+ ions and OH- ions diffuse away from the metal surface	rust	0%
formation of iron (III) oxide by an electrochemical process	rusting	0%
any metal with a more negative Ecell than iron can be used as a ____ metal because it shifts the position of equilibrium to stop iron ions forming	sacrificial	0%
you make two assumptions: (1) all the A- ions come from the ____ because the weak acid supplies very few A- ions	salt	0%
a ____ is used to balance the charges of the solutions without them mixing	salt bridge	0%
buffers are usually made from a weak acid or base and one of its ____	salts	0%
a sparingly soluble ionic solid in contact with a ____ solution of its ions is an example of a chemical equilibrium	saturated	0%
____ + water + H+ => carboxylic acid + amine salt	secondary amide	0%
____ + water + OH- => carboxylate salt + amine	secondary amide	0%
folding of the primary structure due to hydrogen bonding between the NN and C=O groups	secondary structure	0%
a feedstock might: form one useful product, form two useful products, undergo a ____ and form byproducts, not react at all	side reaction	0%
an oil or fat can be hydrolysed by heating with concentrated NaOH to give glycerol and the ____ salts of the acids	sodium	0%
____ is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones back to alcohols	sodium tetrahydridoborate (III)	0%
____ are expensive to handle so are sometimes melted or made into a slurry to reduce transportation costs	solids	0%
sulfonation provides a way of forming more ____ derivatives of aromatic compounds	soluble	0%
a substance that dissolves only slightly in solvent	sparingly soluble	0%
changes where total entropy change > 0 are feasible but may not be ____ if they have a large Ea	spontaneous	0%
substitution occurs if the new complex is more ____ than the last	stable	0%
this is because the -N=N- group is ____ by becoming part of the delocalised system involving the arene groups	stablises	0%
the ____ of a half cell is the potential difference between the half cell and a standard hydrogen half cell	standard electrode potential	0%
the ____ is the reference half-cell and is Ecell is defined as 0.0V	standard hydrogen half cell	0%
natural gas is mostly methane but also contains ethane, propane and butane which are ____ cracked to produce ethene and propene	steam	0%
water and ____ can be used to transfer energy within a chemical plant - ____ produced in one process can be used in a different part of the plant	steam	0%
there are also three ____ (UAA, UGA, UAG) that end the synthesis	stop codons	0%
benzenesulfonic acid is a ____ acid and forms salts in alkaline solution	strong	0%
____ proteins are fibrous and consist mainly of helices	structural	0%
ligand ____ reactions can occur to replace one ligand with another	substitution	0%
the bonds between enzyme and ____ are weak, and cause bonds within the ____ to be deformed or weaken	substrate	0%
product: ____. feedstock: sulfur, air, water. raw materials: natural gas/oil (desulfurisation yields the sulfur), air, water	sulfuric acid	0%
hydrogen and IDID bonds are easily broken by ____ changes	temperature	0%
average ____ of the Earth is constant when it radiates energy as fast as it absorbs it but this balance can be disturbed by changes to the quantities of atmospheric gases	temperature	0%
Ksp varies with ____	temperature	0%
further folding due to IDID bonds, hydrogen bonds between polar side chains, ionic bonds, and disulfide links	tertiary structure	0%
complexes with coordination number 4 are usually ____	tetrahedral	0%
chemical reactions can conserve ____ energy by lagging pipes (insulating them) and using a heat exchanger	thermal	0%
____ reagent: silver mirror forms on the inner surface of the test tube	Tollen's	0%
one strand can make a complementary copy of mRNA by ____	transcription	0%
glycerol has 3 alcohol groups so 3 carboxylic acids form ester links to form a ____	triester	0%
the radiation from the Sun that reaches the atmosphere is mainly in the visible and ____ regions	ultraviolet/UV	0%
ratio of product: coproduct is fixed and some reaction routes would be ____ if the coproduct could not be used	unprofitable	0%
gas-liquid chromatography uses (1) for mobile phase, an ____ carrier gas like nitrogen	unreactive	0%
in nitrate (____) the nitrogen has also used the lone pair to form a dative covalent bond to an oxygen atom	V	0%
costs that relate to the unit of production (e.g. raw materials, costs of effluent treatment and disposal, distributing the product)	variable costs	0%
(1) absorption of infrared increases ____ energy	vibrational	0%
this means the difference between the two levels is such that the light absorbed falls in the ____ spectrum	visible	0%
delocalised systems with 5 pi bonds in the system are likely to absorb light in the ____ range and appear coloured	visible	0%
amines with low molecular masses are gases or ____ liquids	volatile	0%
the most ____ compounds usually emerge first	volatile	0%
rather than the anode, ____ is oxidised: 2H2O (l) => O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e-	water	0%
____ is the most abundant greenhouse gas but it only absorbs certain wavelengths of infrared radiation	water vapour	0%
to improve euilibrium ____ of esterification of an alcohol with a given amount of carboxylic acid, add excess alcohol or distill water as it is produced	yield	0%
the reaction is ____ order with respect to the enzyme at low substrate concentrations and first order at high ones	zero	0%
the requirement for equilibrium is that total entropy change equals ____	zero/0	0%
____ and scandium are not transition metals because their ions do not have incomplete 3d orbitals	zinc	0%
ions with both negatively and positively charged groups	zwitterions	0%

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