YEAR TWO: A-Level Chemistry OCR-B

nitrogen molecules are unreactive due to the strong ____ which must be broken before it can react

ammonia has a ____ of electrons on the nitrogen

ammonia can act as a base because it can form a ____ covalent bond with a hydrogen ion giving the ammonium ion

nitrogen oxide is a ____ gas that turns to brown nitrogen dioxide in air

it comes from combustion processes, thunderstorms, and formation in the soil by ____

dinitrogen oxide is a colourless gas formed in the soil by ____

nitrogen dioxide is a brown gas formed by ____ of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere

when oxygen content is low, ____ bacteria reduce nitrate (V) ions to gaseous nitrogen

____- (aq) => NO2- (aq) => NO (g) => N2O (g) => N2 (g)

in nitrate (____) ions, one oxygen is bonded with a single bond and one with a double bond and there is a lone pair on the nitrogen

in nitrate (____) the nitrogen has also used the lone pair to form a dative covalent bond to an oxygen atom

nitrite and nitrate are both water soluble and are made through oxidation of ____ ions by aerobic bacteria in soil

this is called ____ is carried out by the bacteria to obtain respiratory energy

NH4+ (aq) + 1.5O2 (g) => ____- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + H2O(l)

NO2- (aq) + 0.5O2 (g) => ____- (aq)

test for nitrate (V) ions: heat with sodium hydroxide and ____, ammonia gas will be evolved

Devarda's alloy contains copper, ____ and zinc (____ is the reducing agent)

3NO3- + 8Al + 5OH- => 3____ + 8[Al(OH)4]-

ammonia turns damp red litmus paper ____ and has a characteristic sharp choking smell

to test for ammonium ions, heat gently with sodium hydroxide solution and ____ gas will be evolved

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) => NH3 (g) + ____ (l)

____ of reaction is measured as a change in property over time, e.g. volume of gas evolved, mass change, pH measurement, colorimetry, titration

rate = k[A]^m[B]^m where k is the ____

m and n are the powers to which the ____ need to be raised

if i double concentration of reactant, and rate doubled, ____ = 1. if i double it and rate quadruples, ____ = 2

these are called order of reaction with ____ to A and B

overall order of reaction = ____ + n

____ equation: k = Ae^(Ea/RT) or lnK = lnA - (Ea/RT)

A is the ____ which is a representation of collision frequency and orientation of moelcules

to find order of reaction for a reactant you must make sure the only thing changing is the ____ of that reactant

e.g. by using a large ____ of a reactant so concentration does not significantly change

a ____ shows how the concentration of a reactant or product changes over the course of a reaction

finding the ____ for different concentrations lets you work out order of reaction

e.g. by measuring the ____ time to produce a small, fixed amount of one of the products

you can use the progress curve to find ____ of a reaction - if ____ is constant, the reaction is first order

the ____ is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism

the power of each substance in the rate equation corresponds to number of ____ of each substance in the rate determining step

some steps in a reaction are slower than others due to a larger ____

the ____ for a reaction involving two steps will have two activation energies

usually the ____ are at higher energy than the reactants and products because they have unusual structures or bonding

chemical processes have various costs, e.g. the ____ to make the feedstock

these usually have to be prepared or treated to ____ them and ensure they are present in the right proportions

feedstock needs to be in an easy-to-handle form. transferring gases and liquids is done by ____

cost of ____ may be high so number of pumps and length of piping is kept to a minimum

____ are expensive to handle so are sometimes melted or made into a slurry to reduce transportation costs

product: ____. feedstock: methane, air, water. raw materials: natural gas, air, water

product: ____. feedstock: sulfur, air, water. raw materials: natural gas/oil (desulfurisation yields the sulfur), air, water

product: ____. feedstock: ammonia, air, water. raw materials: natural gas.oil, air

product: ____. feedstock: methanol, carbon monoxide, water. raw materials: coal/natural gas, air, water

natural gas is mostly methane but also contains ethane, propane and butane which are ____ cracked to produce ethene and propene

distillation of ____ produces various fractions such as LPG, naphtha, and gas oil

LPG

LPG is steam cracked to form ____ and propene

naptha is steam cracked or can be reformed into ____ alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons for high grade petrol

gas oil is ____ cracked to ethene, propene and high grade petrol

a second product that also has a commercial benefit

ratio of product: coproduct is fixed and some reaction routes would be ____ if the coproduct could not be used

unwanted products produced from reactions

a feedstock might: form one useful product, form two useful products, undergo a ____ and form byproducts, not react at all

sales of product have to offset initial costs like research and development, ____ design and construction, and initial production

costs incurred by the company irrespective of how much product is produced (e.g. labour costs, land rental, sales expenses, depreciation of the plant value)

costs that relate to the unit of production (e.g. raw materials, costs of effluent treatment and disposal, distributing the product)

____ of a chemical process affects total costs

necessary to balance rate, position of ____ and costs to get the greatest yield for money

you can reduce cost with use of an effective ____, recycling unreacted feedstock and selling coproduct

chemical reactions can conserve ____ energy by lagging pipes (insulating them) and using a heat exchanger

heat exchanger: allows exothermic parts of the process to supply energy to ____ parts

water and ____ can be used to transfer energy within a chemical plant - ____ produced in one process can be used in a different part of the plant

____ include: flammable gases, acidic gases, toxic emissions, all of which must be managed and are legislated

manufacture also provides ____ such as biofuels, colorants, foodstuffs, paints, fertilisers, etc

molecule with two carboxyl groups has suffix ____ acid

carboxylic acids, phenols and alcohols form salts with metals in a ____ reaction

to improve euilibrium ____ of esterification of an alcohol with a given amount of carboxylic acid, add excess alcohol or distill water as it is produced

esters have ____ or fruity smells

____ polymerisation: monomers react to give a larger chain polymer and a small stable molecule (usually water or HCl)

the -OH group in phenol is less ____ than in alcohol so does not esterify with carboxylic acids

amine structure resembles ____ in which alkyl groups replace one, two or three of the hydrogen atoms

primary amine: one ____ group. secondary: two. tertiary: three

amines with low molecular masses are gases or ____ liquids

the volatile amines have strong smells of ____

amines can form ____ bonds with water and become less soluble as the carbon chain gets longer and the amine group has less effect

solutions of amines are alkaline because they can be protonated by water, forming an ____ ion and hydroxide ion

amines react with ____ to completion and the solution loses its strong smell

primary ____ are derivatives of carboxylic acids made by replacing the -OH group with -NH2

acyl ____ + ammonia -> primary amide + hydrochloric acid

acyl chloride + ____ -> secondary amide + hydrochloric acid

diamines and dicarboxylic acids can be used to make a polymer (called polyamide or nylon) chain linked by ____ groups

acyl chlorides react with alcohols to form ____

esters and amides can be hydrolysed by addition of a ____ concentrated acid or alkali

____ + water + H+ => carboxylic acid + ammonium

____ + water + H+ => carboxylic acid + amine salt

____ + water + OH- => carboxylate salt + ammonia

____ + water + OH- => carboxylate salt + amine

____ contain at least one amino group and one carboxylic acid group

compounds with 2 functional groups

ions with both negatively and positively charged groups

amino acids form zwitterions because the -COOH can donate a ____ to the -NH2

amino acids are water-soluble and usually ____ in solution

amino acids can ____ against pH changes due to the zwitterions so amino acids exist in 3 different ionic forms depending on pH of the solution

____ isomerism arises because the four single bonds around a carbon atom are arranged tetrahedrally

non-superimposable mirror images

a carbon atom bonded to four different groups

molecules non-superimposable on their mirror images are ____

enantiomers share most chemical and physical properties but may behave differently in the presence of other ____ molecules and sometimes smell or taste different

a ____ link forms when 2 amino acids react to form a secondary amide group

amino aid which has lost the elements of water in forming a peptide

there are ____ amino acids. you abbreviate them to their first three letters

you can ____ proteins by heating with moderately concentrated acid or alkali (catalysed by enzymes instead in living systems)

____ can be used to identify the individual amino acids present in a peptide

the peptide is hydrolysed under ____ and the product compared to known samples of pure amino acids using chromatography

sequence of amino acids, determines ultimate structure and thus function

folding of the primary structure due to hydrogen bonding between the NN and C=O groups

further folding due to IDID bonds, hydrogen bonds between polar side chains, ionic bonds, and disulfide links

____ proteins are fibrous and consist mainly of helices

____ proteins are globular and have both sheets and helices

where on the enzyme the substrate binds

the bonds between enzyme and ____ are weak, and cause bonds within the ____ to be deformed or weaken

the reaction is ____ order with respect to the enzyme at low substrate concentrations and first order at high ones

prevent substrates binding by binding to the active site and occupying it

hydrogen and IDID bonds are easily broken by ____ changes

pH changes alter the shape of the active site by interfering with the ____ groups

the part of a medicine's molecule that gives a medicine its effect

these can be modified by changing ____ to make the medicine more effective or reduce side effects

they interact with receptor sites by forming weak interactions and can fit into receptor sites with the correct size, shape and ____

____ groups are H2PO4-

DNA monomer: phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine

deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA and ____ in RNA

____ pairs with thymine/uracil and forms 2 hydrogen bonds

____ pairs with guanine and forms 3 hydrogen bonds

one strand can synthesise a ____ copy of itself prior to cell division

one strand can make a complementary copy of mRNA by ____

transcription: (1) a section of the DNA unzips by breaking the ____ bonds between strands

(2) RNA ____ pair to complementary bases and are joined using enzymes

(3) the double ____ reforms and the mRNA passes out of the nucleus

each three bases, or ____, code for an amino acids

the DNA code is ____ as some codons code for the same amino acid

the start codon is ____ and the amino acid methionine is always at the start of the protein sequence (sometimes hydrolysed off later)

there are also three ____ (UAA, UGA, UAG) that end the synthesis

translation: (1) mRNA attaches to the ____

(2) tRNA with an attached amino acid binds to the mRNA by its complementary ____

(3) amino acids held close together form ____

a DNA segment that codes for a particular protein

we sometimes use ____ mass spectrometry for molecules with similar Mr (accurate to 4dp)

carbon-13 NMR and proton NMR are methods of nuclear magnetic resonance to determine number of carbon and hydrogen ____ and their properties

JUST DO PRACTICE QUESTIONS ON USING INFRARED, MASS SPECTRA, C-13 AND H NMR IM NOT WRITING ALLAT IN HERE (type OK)

the 4s subshell is usually filled before the 3d subshell except in ____ and copper

____ has an electron in each 3d sub shell and an electron in the 4s sub shell

____ has a full 3d sub shell and one electron in the 4s sub shell

when transition metals form cations, they lose the ____ electrons first

____ and scandium are not transition metals because their ions do not have incomplete 3d orbitals

iron content can be analysed using redox titration as iron (II) can be oxidised to iron (II) by ____ (VII) in solution

the end point is where the first permanent ____ colour is observed because MnO4- is in excess

in heterogeneous catalysis, transition metals can use the 3d and 4s electrons of atoms on the metal surface to form weak bonds to reactants - ____

in ____ catalysis, the transition metal usually forms an intermediate compound with 1+ reactants that breaks down to form the products

transition metals are particularly effective catalysts in redox reactions because they can move between ____ states

Cu(OH)2 will give a a deep blue-purple solution on addition of excess ____ solution

iron (II) hydroxide is a gelatinous green precipitate, iron (III) hydroxide gelatinous orange, neither form ____ with ammonia

____ surrounding a metal ion in solution causes d-orbital splitting

this means the difference between the two levels is such that the light absorbed falls in the ____ spectrum

the ____ colour to the one absorbed will be seen

common ____ ligands are chloride, ammonia, cyanide and hydroxide

colour of a transition metal ____ depends on number of d-electrons, arrangement of ligands, and the nature of the ligand

in equations, charge, number of atoms and ____ state must all be balanced

____ use redox reactions to generate electricity

electrical charge is measured in ____ and current is a measure of charge per second (measured in amperes)

you can arrange for two half-reactions to occur simultaneously with ____ flowing through an external wire from one to the other

a ____ is used to determine potential difference between the half cells

to determine Ecell, measure the ____ potential difference between the terminals of the cell

a ____ is used to balance the charges of the solutions without them mixing

a metal/metal ion half cell will use a ____ mol dm^-3 solution of ions and a metal electrode

an ion/other ion half cell will use a solution containing both ions and an inert ____ electrode

when two-half cells are placed together, the one with the more ____ potential will become the positive terminal of the cell

a more positive Ecell indicates a greater tendency for ____

the ____ is the reference half-cell and is Ecell is defined as 0.0V

this comprises of a 1 mol dm^-3 acid solution, ____ electrode, glass tube covering the electrode with holes to allow gas to escape, and hydrogen entering the tube at the top

the ____ of a half cell is the potential difference between the half cell and a standard hydrogen half cell

the ____ series is (from most negative to most positive standard electrode potential) is magnesium, zinc, hydrogen, copper, silver

you can use electrode potentials to make predictions about the ____ of redox reactions under certain conditions

a reaction may be feasible at standard conditions but slow if ____ is high

formation of iron (III) oxide by an electrochemical process

half reactions: (1) Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- <=> ____ (s)

(2) 0.5O2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2e- <=> 2____- (aq)

oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions and iron is oxidised to iron (II) ions because the oxygen/hydroxide half-cell has a more ____ electrode potential

oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions at the edges of the water droplet where oxygen ____ is high

the electrons needed for this come from the ____ of iron at the centre, where concentration of dissolved oxygen is low

____ forms in a series of secondary processes within the solution as the Fe2+ ions and OH- ions diffuse away from the metal surface

(1) Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) => Fe(OH)2 (s) forms iron (II) ____

(2) Fe(OH)2 (s) => Fe2O3 • xH2O in the presence of dissolved ____

the simplest way to protect steel from rust is with a ____ between the metal and atmosphere e.g. oil, grease, paint

any metal with a more negative Ecell than iron can be used as a ____ metal because it shifts the position of equilibrium to stop iron ions forming

e.g. ____ steel: covered with a layer of zinc - as long as this remains undamaged a protective metal oxide layer will form and protect the lower layer

____ oxidation of a metal occurs at an anode site so any technique that makes a metal a cathode will prevent it from corrosion

another method of making it a cathode is by externally supplying ____ to it

the ____ terminal of a dc supply is connected to the metal - electrons flow from anode to cathode so this makes the metal a cathode

the anode is usually an ____ electrode which is corrosion resistant

rather than the anode, ____ is oxidised: 2H2O (l) => O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e-

a ____ consists of a central metal ion surrounded by ligands

anions or neutral molecules with at least one lone pair of electrons

if a complex is charged, it is called a ____

the overall ____ of a complex is the sum of the ____ on the metal ion and the charges on the ligands

the charges on a complex ion are ____ over the whole ion

ligands form a dative covalent bond (or ____ bond) with the metal, making the ligands Lewis bases

number of bonds from the central ion to the ligands (usually 6 or 4)

complexes with coordination number 6 are usually ____

complexes with coordination number 4 are usually ____

the ethanedioate is ____ because it can form two bonds with a metal ion

ethanedioate structure: two connected -COO- groups, each O- has a ____ it uses to form the coordinate bond

ligand ____ reactions can occur to replace one ligand with another

e.g. if you add concentrated ____ acid to a [Cu(H2O)6]2+ complex a [CuCl4]2- complex will form

substitution occurs if the new complex is more ____ than the last

iron 2+ and iron 3+ form complexes with water with coordination number ____

Cu 2+ forms complexes with water with coordination number 6 and complexes with ammonia and chloride with coordination number ____

the energy change when one mole of an ionic compound's crystal lattice forms from its constituent gaseous ions under standard conditions

these are large ____ quantities that depend on size and charge of the ion

to break down a lattice therefore a lot of energy is required, which tends to stop substances ____ unless the energy is paid back later

lattice enthalpies become more negative when: ionic charges ____ and radii decrease

many ionic substances form aqueous solutions because the charged ions can interact with the ____ on the water

ions in solution are ____ either strongly or weakly depending on charge density

the enthalpy change for the formation of an aqueous solution of ions from one mole of gaseous ions

for this you can assume a very ____ solution where ion-ion interactions are negligible

general term for enthalpy change when dissolving in solvents other than water

the difference between the enthalpy changes of hydration of the anion and cation and the lattice enthalpy gives this

an ____ cycle will represent this

ionic solids are not soluble in ____ solvents like hexane because the interactions between ions and solvent is weak

hot objects emit ____ - the hotter the object, the higher the energy

the Earth radiates mainly ____ radiation

the radiation from the Sun that reaches the atmosphere is mainly in the visible and ____ regions

part of this energy is ____ by the Earth and atmosphere, some reflected back into space

average ____ of the Earth is constant when it radiates energy as fast as it absorbs it but this balance can be disturbed by changes to the quantities of atmospheric gases

carbon dioxide and methane are examples of ____ gases

greenhouse gases absorb some of the ____ radiation emitted by the Earth

(1) absorption of infrared increases ____ energy

(2) this is transferred to other molecules in the air by ____ which increases their kinetic energy and the temperature of the air

(3) some infrared is re-emitted back towards Earth, some out towards space, and the overall effect is to trap some ____ that otherwise would have been lost

burning of ____ has led to increasing levels of greenhouse gases

____ is the most abundant greenhouse gas but it only absorbs certain wavelengths of infrared radiation

the wavelengths of infrared that water vapour doesn't absorb

carbon dioxide absorbs in the IR window so increased CO2 levels mean more radiation is being ____ across a greater range of wavelengths

an acid and its deprotonated form are called a ____ acid-base pair because the ____ base can accept a proton and become the acid again

pH = -log[ ____ ]

strong acids ____ completely but weak acids do not

to find pH of a weak acid, you must find Ka, the ____

pKa = -log[ ____ ]

calculating pH of a strong alkali requires using ____ (the ionisation product of water)

____ = [H+][OH-]

____ resist changes in pH on additional of small quantities of acid or alkali

buffers are usually made from a weak acid or base and one of its ____

you make two assumptions: (1) all the A- ions come from the ____ because the weak acid supplies very few A- ions

(2) almost all the HA put in the ____ remain unchanged

Ka = [H+] [salt] / [ ____ ] for buffers

a substance that dissolves only slightly in solvent

a sparingly soluble ionic solid in contact with a ____ solution of its ions is an example of a chemical equilibrium

solubility product ____ = [concentration of ion]^moles of ion x [concentration of other ion]^moles of other ion

you can use Ksp to predict if a ____ will form: if the calculated value is greater than Ksp, the substance will precipitate out

Ksp varies with ____

some spontaneous reactions are ____

a measure of the number of ways that molecules and their associated energy can be arranged

units of entropy are ____ per Kelvin per mole

for a reaction to be feasible, total entropy change to the system and surroundings must be greater than ____

total ____ change = ____ change of the system - (enthalpy change/temperature)

the requirement for equilibrium is that total entropy change equals ____

changes where total entropy change > 0 are feasible but may not be ____ if they have a large Ea

some organic molecules consist of a system of alternating single and double bonds called a ____ system

the electrons in the p orbitals making up the pi bonds become ____ over all the atoms in the system

these systems can include ____ from correctly oriented oxygen and nitrogen atoms

a ____ ring is an example of a delocalised system

delocalised systems with 5 pi bonds in the system are likely to absorb light in the ____ range and appear coloured

the more electrons are delocalised, the smaller the energy gap, and the ____ the wavelengths of light absorbed

the benzene ring is a regular, ____ hexagon with bond angles 120

the p orbital electrons form a delocalised charge cloud above and below the ____ of the ring which increases stability

the ____ model showed alternating single and double bonds but was disproved by thermochemical data

enthalpy of hydrogenation is less ____ than predicted (should be 3x cyclohexene)

shows that the structure is more stable so less energy is ____ when it is hydrogenated

benzene reacts with ____ in an electrophilic substitution reaction

the benzene ring remains intact and a ____ ion is released

the reactions are relatively slow because the mechanism disrupts the conjugated system and a ____ is often required

benzene reacts with liquid bromine in the presence of an ____ (III) bromide catalyst

the electrophile is formed from Br2 and FeBr3 - produces ____+ and [FeBr4]-

chlorination is similar except it uses an ____ (III) chloride catalyst

these occur at room temperature but aluminium (III) chloride can only be used in ____ conditions

benzene + chloroethane + anhydrous aluminium chloride is a Friedel Crafts ____ and forms ethylbenzene + HCl

benzene + ethanoyl chloride + anhydrous aluminium chloride is a Friedel Crafts ____ and forms phenylethanone + HCl

benzene reacts with a mixture of concentrated ____ acid and sulfuric acid (nitrating mixture)

if the temperature is kept below 55C the product is ____

the electrophile is the NO2+ ____

HNO3 + 2H2SO4 -> NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H3O+ where the products are the ____

inserting nitro groups into a benzene ring that is part of a ____ will modify the wavelength of light absorbed

the region within a molecule that absorbs visible light and is responsible for its colour

heating benzene and concentrated sulfuric acid under ____ for several hours, benzenesulfonic acid is formed

the electrophile is SO3+ which carries a large partial ____ charge on the sulfur atom

benzenesulfonic acid is a ____ acid and forms salts in alkaline solution

sulfonation provides a way of forming more ____ derivatives of aromatic compounds

____ functional group is R1-N=N-R2

azo compounds are formed from a reaction between a ____ and a coupling agent

if the R groups are ____ groups then the azo compound is more stable than if they are alkyl groups

this is because the -N=N- group is ____ by becoming part of the delocalised system involving the arene groups

this stability allows aromatic azo compounds to be used as ____

diazonium compounds contain the ____ group R-N+≡N

diazonium salts are usually unstable because the diazonium group is easily lost, forming ____ gas

however, if the group is attached to a ____ ring, it is stable enough to be formed as an intermediate

these compounds are produced in solutions below ____ degrees C

(1) dissolve the aromatic amine in dilute ____

(2) add a cold solution of sodium nitrate (III) formula: ____

this reaction is called ____

the reactant here is nitrous acid formula: ____ which reacts with the amine functional group

in a ____ reaction, a diazonium compound acts as an electrophile and reacts with the benzene ring of a coupling agent

a compound containing a relatively reactive benzene ring, usually with a phenol or phenylamine

dyes with a negative charge when dissolved in water due to the presence of sulfonate groups

acid dyes are applied in acid conditions where ____ and protein fibres will have positive NH3+ groups

using a metal ion to join dye to fabric by forming chelate complex ions

fibre reactive dyes are formed by adding ____ groups to the dye molecule

these form ____ bonds with polymers that have OH or NH2 groups

if a dye is a linear molecule with several NH2 groups and the polymer has frequent OH groups the dye and fibre can ____ bond

if the dye is small and not very polar, and the polymer has no OH or NH groups, ____ bonds form

oils and fats are mostly esters of glycerol ( ____ ) with long chain carboxylic acids

glycerol has 3 alcohol groups so 3 carboxylic acids form ester links to form a ____

the carboxylic (or ____) acids can be saturated or unsaturated

an oil or fat can be hydrolysed by heating with concentrated NaOH to give glycerol and the ____ salts of the acids

the free fatty acids are released from the sodium salts by adding a dilute ____ acid like HCl (aq)

gas-liquid chromatography uses (1) for mobile phase, an ____ carrier gas like nitrogen

(2) for stationary phase, a small amount of liquid with a high boiling point held on a finely divided inert ____

the material is packed into a ____ which is coiled inside an oven

process: (1) the sample is injected into the ____ stream before it enters the column

(2) the components of the mixture each have a different ____ for the stationary vs mobile phase

(3) compounds who more greatly favour the mobile phase emerge more quickly than those that ____ in the stationary phase

the most ____ compounds usually emerge first

____ = [component in stationary phase] / [component in mobile phase]

a detector on the ____ tube monitors the compounds coming out of the column

signals from the detector are plotted as a ____

the time a given compound is held in the column

a GLC instument must be ____ using samples of known compounds

conditions such as temperature affect retention time so conditions must remain ____

the area (or ____ if the peaks are very sharp) under each peak depends on the amount of compound present

aldehydes can be ____ but ketones cannot

____ test: a mixture of ____ A and B is warmed in a water bath with the aldehyde, colour change from blue solution to brick red precipitate

Fehling's A contains the weak oxidising agent ____ 2+

Fehling's B is an alkaline solution containing a ____ ligand

the blue Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ which are precipitate as copper (I) ____

____ reagent: silver mirror forms on the inner surface of the test tube

silver ions in the [Ag(NH3)2]+ ____ are reduced to elemental silver

____ is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones back to alcohols

CN- from KCN can be added across the C=O bond in acidic conditions to form ____ (2-hydroxynitriles)

the cyanide ion is a ____ and is attracted to the partially positive carbon

a new C-C bond forms and a pair of electrons in the C=O bond move onto the oxygen atom giving it a ____ charge

the new negative ion takes up a ____ from the solvent

this is nucleophilic ____