|
Hint
|
|
Answer
|
|
Core materials
|
|
Iron and nickel
|
|
Inner core
|
|
Solid ball
|
|
Outer core
|
|
Semi molton
|
|
Mantle materials
|
|
Silicate rocks with geothermal gradient
|
|
Lower mantle
|
|
Rigid with a degree of plasticity
|
|
Upper mantle (3)
|
|
Semi molton, cooler, weaker
|
|
Continental crust
|
|
30-70 km
|
|
Continental crust
|
|
Low density granite
|
|
Oceanic crust
|
|
6-10km
|
|
Oceanic crust
|
|
High density basalt
|
|
Global distribution
|
|
Dictated by plate boundaries
|
|
Global distribution
|
|
Rare intraplate hazards
|
|
Major Plates
|
|
North American
|
|
Major Plates
|
|
South American
|
|
Major Plates
|
|
Eurasian
|
|
Major Plates
|
|
African
|
|
Major Plates
|
|
Pacific
|
|
Major Plates
|
|
Indo-Australian
|
|
Earthquake distribution
|
|
All margins
|
|
Earthquake distribution
|
|
Pacific plate
|
|
Earthquake distribution
|
|
Indonesia, Japan, Phillipines
|
|
Intraplate earthquakes
|
|
Old fault lines moving into resting positions
|
|
Intraplate earthquakes
|
|
Stretching plates
|
|
Volcano distribution
|
|
Constructive and destructive margins
|
|
Volcano distribution
|
|
Ring of fire
|
|
Mantle plume
|
|
Concentrated areas of heat convection
|
|
Hotspot mantle plume
|
|
Anomalously hot vertical column of extremely hot magma rising from the athenosphere caused by radioactive decay
|
|
Hotspot volcano
|
|
Mantle plumes melt and weaken undernearth the crust so that magma can force through
|
|
Convection currents
|
|
Circular movement of semi molton rock creating drag on the base of tectonic plates
|
|
Why?
|
|
Radioactive decay causes super heated magma in the athenosphere to rise
|
|
Slab pull
|
|
The pulling force exerted by a cold dense oceanic plate plunging into the mantle due to its own weight
|
|
Why?
|
|
The rising limb of a convection current heats part of an oceanic plate, making it less dense than the other side
|
|
Wadati-Benioff zone
|
|
planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the direction of a down going slab in the subduction zone
|
|
Paleomagnetism
|
|
Study of ancient magnetism preserved in rocks
|
|
Explain
|
|
Iron rich magma rises to fill gaps where plastes iverge and becomes polorised at the surface
|
|
Paleomagnetism indicates
|
|
When it was formed
|
|
Paleomagnetism indicates
|
|
How quickly the plates moved
|
|
Destructive boundary key words
|
|
Denser oceanic plate
|
|
Destructive boundary key words
|
|
Less dense continental crust
|
|
Destructive boundary key words
|
|
Subducted crust melts
|
|
Destructive boundary key words
|
|
Heat and friction
|
|
Destructive boundary key words
|
|
Magma rises due to low density
|
|
Destructive boundary key words
|
|
Locked fault releasing pressure can trigger earthquakes
|
|
Landforms
|
|
Deep sea trench
|
|
Landforms
|
|
Fold mountains
|
|
Landforms
|
|
Island arcs
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Frequent major earthquakes
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Composite volcanoes
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Andesitic and Rhyolitic lava
|
|
Constructive boundary key words
|
|
Pressure releases as plates diverge
|
|
Constructive boundary key words
|
|
New crust or volcano
|
|
Landforms
|
|
Mid ocean ridge
|
|
Landforms
|
|
Rift valley
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Frequent minor earthquakes
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Basaltic shield volcanoes
|
|
Collision boundary key words
|
|
Neither crust is subducted
|
|
Collision boundary key words
|
|
Same density
|
|
Collision boundary key words
|
|
Less than underlying athenosphere
|
|
Landforms
|
|
Fold mountains
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Infrequent major earthquakes
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
No volcanoes
|
|
Conservative boundary key words
|
|
Opposite directions
|
|
Conservative boundary key words
|
|
Same direction at different speeds
|
|
Conservative boundary key words
|
|
Shearing action increases friction
|
|
Conservative boundary key words
|
|
Cracks and fault lines
|
|
Conservative boundary key words
|
|
Enlarged by weathering and erosion
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
Frequent minor earthquakes
|
|
Tectonic activity
|
|
No volcanoes
|
|
Earthquake
|
|
Violent shaking of the earths crust due to the buildup and sudden release of tension or pressure
|
|
Earthquake process
|
|
Plates jolt past each other
|
|
Earthquake process
|
|
Sending seismic waves along a fault line
|
|
Earthquake process
|
|
Shockwaves spread out from the focus
|
|
Earthquake process
|
|
First and strongest at the epicentre
|
|
Earthquake process
|
|
The crust has a degree of elasticity allowing it to recoil back and forth
|
|
Magnitude factors
|
|
Type of plate margin
|
|
Magnitude factors
|
|
Depth of focus
|
|
Deep foci
|
|
300km
|
|
Primary waves
|
|
Fast moving horizontal vibrations in the mantle creating phases of expansion and compression
|
|
Secondary waves
|
|
Slower verticle vibrations in the centre of the crust
|
|
Love waves
|
|
Slow horizontal vibrations perpendicular to P waves following S waves on the surface of the crust
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Ground shaking
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Crustal fracturing
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Surface fracturing
|
|
Secondary hazards
|
|
Soil liquefaction
|
|
Secondary hazards
|
|
Landslides
|
|
Secondary hazards
|
|
Tsunamis
|
|
Crustal fracturing
|
|
Deep jagged cracks
|
|
Surface fracturing
|
|
Folding or buckling
|
|
Soil liquefaction
|
|
Vibrations put groundwater under pressure, forcing water through soil particules
|
|
Soil liquefaction
|
|
Soil becomes weak and easily deformed
|
|
Soil liquefaction effects
|
|
Building subsidence
|
|
Soil liquefaction effects
|
|
Swallowing
|
|
Soil liquefaction damages
|
|
Underground structures
|
|
For example
|
|
Christchurch, 2011
|
|
Landslides
|
|
Ground shaking dislodges rocks and soils in already susceptible areas
|
|
Susceptible areas
|
|
Young geology
|
|
Susceptible areas
|
|
Deforested
|
|
Susceptible areas
|
|
High rainfall
|
|
For example
|
|
Himalayas, 2015
|
|
Tsunamis
|
|
Series of large waves casued by the displacement of large volumes of water
|
|
Tsunami process
|
|
Submarine earthquake causes water column displacement
|
|
Tsunami process
|
|
Waves radiate out in all directions, starting small and fast
|
|
Tsunami process
|
|
Friction with the seabed near the coast causes waves to lose energy
|
|
Tsunami process
|
|
Waves slow down and grow in height as they are compacted
|
|
Volcanoes
|
|
An opening in the earths crust through which ash, lava, and gases erupt
|
|
Destructive margin
|
|
Andesitic and rhyolitic composite
|
|
Constructive margine
|
|
Basaltic shield
|
|
Intraplate
|
|
Oceanic basaltic shield
|
|
Intraplate
|
|
Continental rhyolitic composite
|
|
Explosivity factors
|
|
How easily gases escape
|
|
Explosivity factors
|
|
Viscosity
|
|
Basaltic lava
|
|
1000-1200
|
|
Basaltic lava
|
|
Low silica
|
|
Basaltic lava
|
|
Low viscosity
|
|
Basaltic erruptions
|
|
Frequent, long, less violent
|
|
A+R lava
|
|
650-1000
|
|
A+R lava
|
|
High silica
|
|
A+R lava
|
|
High viscosity
|
|
A+R erruptions
|
|
Intermittent, short-lived, violent erruptions
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Lava
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Pyroclastic flow
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Volcanic gases
|
|
Primary hazards
|
|
Tephra
|
|
Secondary hazards
|
|
Lahars
|
|
Secondary hazards
|
|
Jokulhlaups
|
|
Low viscosity lava speed
|
|
10kmh
|
|
Pyroclastic flow
|
|
Superheated ash, gas, volcanic rock
|
|
Pyroclastic flow temp
|
|
700-800
|
|
Pyroclastic flow speed
|
|
80kmh
|
|
Pyroclastic flow distance
|
|
100km
|
|
Impacts of large tephra
|
|
Damage buildings
|
|
Impacts of large tephra
|
|
Casue injuries
|
|
Impacts of large tephra
|
|
Start fires
|
|
Impacts of microscopic ash
|
|
Atmospheric haze
|
|
Impacts of microscopic ash
|
|
Crop yields
|
|
Impacts of microscopic ash
|
|
Transport
|
|
Impacts of microscopic ash
|
|
Breathing
|
|
Lahars
|
|
Fast flowing mudflow
|
|
Lahars
|
|
Volcanis material mixes with large amounts of water
|
|
Lahar speed
|
|
80kmh
|
|
Jokulhlaups
|
|
Glacial outburst flood from subglacial lake
|
|
OC deep sea trench example
|
|
Peru-Chile
|
|
Plates
|
|
Nazca and South American
|
|
OO deep sea trench example
|
|
Mariana
|
|
Plates
|
|
Pacific and Phillipine
|
|
Mid ocean ridge example
|
|
Mid Atlantic ridge
|
|
Rift valley example
|
|
East African ridge
|
|
Fold mountain example
|
|
Himalayas
|
|
Plates
|
|
Eurasian and Indian
|
|
Annual growth
|
|
10mm
|
|
Fault line example
|
|
San Andreas
|
|
Plates
|
|
North American and Pacific
|
|
NA annual movement
|
|
25mm
|
|
P annual movement
|
|
80mm
|
