|
Hint
|
Answer
|
|
Water treatment step 1
|
1. Sedimentation
|
|
Water treatment step 2
|
2. Screens
|
|
Water treatment step 3
|
3. Aeration
|
|
Water treatment step 4
|
4. Coagulation and flocculation
|
|
Water treatment step 5
|
5. Clarification
|
|
Water treatment step 6
|
6. Filtration
|
|
Water treatment optional step (6.5)
|
6.5 Desalination
|
|
Water treatment step 7
|
7. Carbon treatment
|
|
Water treatment step 8
|
8. Sterilisation
|
|
Water treatment step 9
|
9. pH adjustment
|
|
Water treatment step 10
|
10. Ion exchange
|
|
% Aral Sea has reduced by since 1960
|
90
|
|
Carbon treatment is best for treating...
|
Odours
|
|
Chemical that gives bad smell/taste to water
|
Hydrogen sulfide
|
|
Chemical that gives bad smell/taste to water
|
Organic compounds
|
|
Chemical that gives bad smell/taste to water
|
Chlorine
|
|
Coagulant example
|
Aluminium sulfate
|
|
Amount of open space in material
|
Porosity
|
|
How easily fluids can move through material
|
Permeability
|
|
Define river regime
|
Discharge variation
|
|
Desalination methods
|
Reverse osmosis
|
|
Desalination methods
|
Distillation
|
|
Effects of over-abstraction
|
Surface waters
|
|
Effects of over-abstraction
|
ecological degradation
|
|
Effects of over-abstraction
|
Saltwater incursion
|
|
Effects of over-abstraction
|
Subsidence
|
|
Effects of over-abstraction
|
water supply
|
|
Factors of aquifers
|
surrounding geology
|
|
Features of aquifers
|
Porous
|
|
Features of aquifers
|
Permeable
|
|
Features of reservoir microclimate
|
high heat capacity
|
|
Features of reservoir microclimate
|
reduced seasonality
|
|
Features of reservoir microclimate
|
high evaporation
|
|
Freshwater %
|
2.5
|
|
Global water budget =
|
Amount + Residence Time
|
|
GRACE
|
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
|
|
How often do satellites survey
|
30 days
|
|
How to reduce acidity in water (3 words)
|
Crushed lime filter
|
|
How toxic ions are exchanged
|
Polymer adsorption
|
|
Human impacts
|
Deforestation
|
|
Human impacts
|
Land use
|
|
Human impacts
|
Climate change
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
Artificial recharge
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
Afforestation
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
New sources
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
Low volume irrigation
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
Low water appliances
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
Xeriscaping
|
|
Hydrosphere management
|
Recycling
|
|
Ion exchange is best for treating...
|
Dissolved minerals
|
|
Litter treatment
|
Manual
|
|
Marine water %
|
97.5
|
|
Metal treatment (2)
|
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis
|
|
Monitoring depletion
|
Water table levels
|
|
Monitoring depletion
|
NASA GRACE satellites
|
|
No. countries involved in River Nile disagreements
|
10
|
|
Odour treatment (2)
|
Carbon treatment, reverse osmosis
|
|
Organic pollutant treatment (2)
|
Carbon treatment, coagulation
|
|
Pathogen treatment
|
Sterilisation
|
|
Problems with reservoir creation
|
Habitat change
|
|
Problems with reservoir creation
|
Wildlife barrier
|
|
Problems with reservoir creation
|
River regime
|
|
Problems with reservoir creation
|
Sedimentation
|
|
Purpose of C (step 4) (4 words)
|
Coagulation neutralises negative charge
|
|
Purpose of carbon filters (3 words)
|
Adsorbs organic chemicals
|
|
Purpose of clarification (3 words)
|
Settles flocculation polymers
|
|
Purpose of f (step 4)
|
Flocculation binds
|
|
Reason for the reductions in the Aral Sea
|
HEP
|
|
Reason for the reductions in the Aral Sea (4 words)
|
Cotton and rice irrigation
|
|
Reasons for increasing global demand
|
Population
|
|
Reasons for increasing global demand
|
Affluence
|
|
Reasons for increasing global demand
|
Irrigation
|
|
Reasons for increasing global demand
|
Industrialisation
|
|
Reverse osmosis is best for treating...
|
Dissolved solids
|
|
Salt treatment
|
Desalination
|
|
Sterilisation methods (4 words)
|
Chlorine or UV exposure
|
|
Suspended solids treatment
|
Filtration
|
|
Water cycle influences
|
Solar energy
|
|
Water cycle influences
|
Gravitational potential energy
|
|
What death can saltwater incursion cause
|
osmotic dehydration
|
|
What do satellites survey
|
water mass
|
|
What elements need to be removed to create soft water
|
Calcium and magnesium
|
|
What is the purpose of aeration
|
Decarbonise
|
|
What is the purpose of aeration (2 words)
|
Reduce ammonia
|
|
What is the purpose of aeration (3 words)
|
Oxidise dissolved metals
|
|
What is the purpose of step 1
|
Settle solids
|
|
What treatment step - creates soft water (step number)
|
10
|
|
What water source starts at treatment step 1
|
Reservoir
|
|
What water source starts at treatment step 1
|
River
|
|
What water source starts at treatment step 6.5
|
Seawater
|
|
What water source starts at treatment step 7
|
Aquifer
|
|
Which treatment step - grills/mesh removes litter
|
Screens
|
|
Which treatment step - toxic ions are exchanged
|
Ion exchange
|
|
Which treatment step - water flows through sand/gravel
|
Filtration
|
|
Why does reverse osmosis often require a carbon filter
|
Reduce odours
|
