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100 Biggest Cities in the Ottoman Empire in 1900 with a Map
At the time, often referred to as the "Sick man of Europe," the Ottoman Empire was in decline and in its final years by 1900. With the help of a map, can you name the most populous cities of the empire in that year?
Includes vassal states that were nominally subject to the Sublime Porte (e.g. Bulgaria).
Excluding territories occupied by the U.K. and Austria-Hungary (e.g. Egypt, Cyprus, Bosnia and Novi Pazar)
Sources used for population estimates listed in this Pastebin.
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Last updated: September 28, 2025
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| First submitted | February 11, 2024 |
| Times taken | 2,484 |
| Average score | 42.0% |
| Rating | 4.91 | Report this quiz | Report |
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As can be seen on the map, the Ottomans effectively lost control over the Vilayet of Bosnia and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar to Austria-Hungary, while the Sanjak of Cyprus and the autonomous regions of Kuwait and Egypt were lost to Britain.
These regions were occupied and only annexed later. Austria-Hungary would annex Bosnia in 1908 but withdraw from Novi Pazar. Cyprus and Egypt were annexed in 1914 while Kuwait effectively stopped being part of the empire shortly after World War I.
But a few things.
1. Could you be a bit more generous in type-ins for a few places like Skadar (Shkoder) please?
2. Just a personal opinion from a nobody, I think it would've been better to exclude Bulgaria (and Eastern Rumelia) too, for consistency's sake. I see that you've excluded de jure Ottoman lands under European occupation. Since you've decided to include cities under de facto Ottoman rule only on that front, wouldn't it have been better to do the same with Bulgaria?
1. This specific type-in will be added, but I tried to be pretty generous with the type-ins as there's just so much to add.
2. I knew opinions would differ on this and I've even thought of excluding Bulgaria, but it all really comes down to "it's complicated". Bulgaria's case was more of a situation of a legal fiction rather than a foreign power occupying land since late Ottoman control over vassal states was very weak, as could've been seen with Montenegro, Serbia and Romania before the Treaty of Berlin of 1878.
It could also be compared with Egypt a century earlier under Muhammad Ali, which would even go with war with Sultan multiple times despite being an autonomous part of the empire.