Edexcel History 8. Germany United - Statistics

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Answer Stats

Question or Term	Answer	% Correct
Those 1935 laws which alongside the 1933 boycott were motivated by a need to respond to public feeling, and an anger among many Nazis and SA members in the perceived conservative direction of Hitler's government	Nuremberg Laws	100%
That myth exploited by the Nazi's in their rise to power, alongside general resentment at the Treaty of Versailles, the association of Bolshevism with Jews, and the poverty caused by the Great Depression	Stab in the Back	100%
That treaty which placed war-guilt on Germany, forced the country to pay reparations, relinquish the Polish Corridor and other territories, never unite with Austria, and limit its military, while also demilitarising the Rhineland and banning it from the League of Nations	Treaty of Versailles	100%
The election after which Bismarck had more trouble from the Reichstag due to the decline of the National Liberal Party (NLP) and rise of the Centre Party (ZP) and German Progress Party (DFP)	1881 Election	0%
The years in which the annual civilian death toll from starvation rose from 121,000 to 293,000	1916 - 1918	0%
A 1917 resolution passed in the Reichstag after introduction by Centre Party (ZP) leader Matthias Erzberger with the support of the Centre Party (ZP), Social Democratic Party (SPD), German Progress Party (DFP), and some of the National Liberal Party (NLP), calling for a peace without annexations or indemnities, with freedom of the seas and international arbitration	1917 Reichstag Peace Resolution	0%
That, the result of which was that Bethmann-Hollweg was forced to resign, being replaced with compliant George Michaelis, leaving the military dictatorship and its new Vaterlandspartei in an even more dominant position	1917 Reichstag Peace Resolution	0%
The year in which 10,000 Jews whom had left Germany due to anti-Semitism such as the 1933 boycott of Jewish shops, returned as anti-Semitic repression seemed to decline	1935	0%
The number of the 12 person cabinet that were Nazis in January 1933	3	0%
The percentage of the seats the minority nationalist parties of the Reichstag held on average between 1871 and 1890	7%	0%
That which Kaiser Wilhelm II did due to pressure from Woodrow Wilson and the resignation of socialist members of the government in protest at the existence of the monarchy	Abdicate	0%
That group which posed the greatest threat to Hitler's rule, placated by increased funding and abandonment of the restrictions of Versailles, until his dictatorship was secure enough to sideline its leadership	Army	0%
Those three crucial groups which remained dominated by anti-republican and anti-democratic individuals during the Weimar Republic, alphabetically	Army, Civil Service, and Judiciary	0%
A section of the Weimar Constitution giving the President emergency powers, regularly but legitimately used by Ebert, and abused by Hindenburg and Hitler	Article 48	0%
Those four states which, under the Constitution of the German Empire, retained their own armies under the command of their sovereign, except in times of war, in alphabetical order	Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, and Wurttemberg	0%
A term used by Ludendorff to describe the 8th August 1918, the first day of the Battle of Amiens which saw a collapse in German morale and a retreat towards the Hindenburg Line, breached in October	Black Day of the German Army	0%
That market which grew exponentially during the First World War	Black Market	0%
The states-nominated upper house of the federal parliament, composed of 58 members from the Länder, 17 of whom were Prussian (14 being required for a veto), which decided policy and made laws for the ultimate approval of the Kaiser	Bundesrat	0%
A state of truce between the German political parties for the duration of the First World War, particularly in reference to the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and in the years before and including 1916	Burgfriede	0%
That which came under increasing threat from 1916 alongside increasing civilian pessimism, and declining living conditions accompanied by the defeat at Verdun and the massive casualties it an the Somme incurred	Burgfriede	0%
That body which under Hitler, due to his supreme legislative powers, ceased to have a purpose, meeting only once after 1937, the year in which the last remaining conservatives were removed	Cabinet	0%
A Catholic interest party, strongest in the south, increasing their seats markedly between 1871 and 1890 with the support of many former minority nationalists, gaining around 25% of seats from 1874 to 1890	Centre Party (ZP)	0%
That fundamental law of the German Empire which granted unique powers to the Southern States, by allowing them to retain their own railways and postal systems, and exempting them from taxes on beers and spirits	Constitution of the German Empire	0%
The 1871 constitution of the new Kaiserreich that created a federal system with 25 Länder and a central government composed of bicameral legislature under a Prussian Emperor/Kaiser	Constitution of the German Empire	0%
The day in March 1933 of the opening of a new Reichstag, stage managed by Goebbels to show deference to the old order, thus helping to obtain Hindeburg's support for proposed constitutional changes	Day of the National Uprising	0%
That which most Germans rejected in favour of Nazism or communist in the 1930's due to exasperation with political deadlock, collapsing living standards due to the Great Depression, and humiliations such as the French occupation of the Ruhr	Democracy	0%
That organisation, the prime motivation behind the formation of which was to keep workers content so as to facilitate rearmament and industrial production, and to secure support for the Nazi Party, while giving workers as few rights as possible	Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF)	0%
That which the Centre Party (ZP) did to itself on 5th July 1933	Dissolve	0%
A reluctant but initially stabilising agreement between the Social Democratic Party (SPD) Chancellor Friedrich Ebert and the military, in which the latter agreed to militarily support the new government in exchange for the army not being reformed	Ebert-Groener Pact	0%
That 1933 act which passed as the 81 communists were banned from taking their seats, while the Nazis and German National People's Party (DNVP) gained the support of the 74 seat Centre Party by guaranteeing freedom for Catholic schools and that the restoration of rights after four years as written into the act, would be honoured	Enabling Act	0%
A March 1933 constitutional amendment that gave Cabinet (effectively the Chancellor) the power to enact laws without Reichstag involvement	Enabling Act	0%
The First Quartermaster General of the German General Staff from 1916 to October 1918 who drew up most German offensives and exerted significant political power over the Kaiser, helping to force the resignation of Bethmann-Hollweg	Erich Ludendorff	0%
He who suggested a government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), Centre Party (ZP), and German Progress Party (DFP), be formed under Prince Maximilian von Baden, so as to democratise and thus quell unrest and increase Germany's negotiating position, while saving as much of the old system as possible, and also passing blame for defeat to the Reichstag	Erich Ludendorff	0%
Head of the SA who criticised Hitler for not being radical enough, himself wanting to absorb the army into the SA, killed on the Night of the Long Knives, in part due to a politically motivated claim by Himmler that he was plotting a coup	Ernst Röhm	0%
A substitute or artificial alternative such as black ash being used as pepper or starch mixed with bicarbonate of soda being used as butter, increasingly commonplace from 1916 onwards	Ersatz	0%
That kind of division in the German Empire, reflected in Reichstag membership, which caused disunity as French, Danish, and Polish peoples within Germany initially supported nationalism before gradually assimilating as Germans and thus changing their voting behaviour accordingly	Ethnic Division	0%
That body which under the Constitution of the German Empire had responsibility for foreign affairs, defence, trade, customs, railways, post, telegraphs, coinage, and the implementation of federal laws and taxes	Federal Government	0%
The first law passed under the Enabling Act in March 1933 which dissolved all diets of the Länder except Prussia, reforming them with Nazi majorities, under the pretext of restoring order, against violence being stoked by the SA	First Gleichschaltung Act	0%
That the outbreak of which was greeted with enthusiasm in Germany, particularly in the countryside, border towns, and working class districts	First World War	0%
That which under the Constitution of the German Empire comprised all men over 25, in secret ballots	Franchise	0%
A Centre Party politician and Vice Chancellor from January 1933 to August 1934 who persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in the belief that he could be controlled and steered into establishing a military dictatorship	Franz von Papen	0%
A party consisting of a combination of landed and industrial elites in the Reichstag who mostly supported Bismarck's conservative policies, mostly stable in the number of seats from 1871 to 1890	Free Conservative Party (DRP)	0%
Right wing paramilitary groups which were instrumental in defeating the Spartacist Rising and Bavarian Soviet Republic, leading to the murders of USPD leader Hugo Haase, Bavarian Revolutionary leader Kurt Eisner, and KPD and Spartacist leaders, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht	Freikorps	0%
He who has often been criticised as his reforms did not go much further than those already established by Prince Maximilian von Baden, while his use of the Freikorps to crush the communist and workers councils empowered the anti-democratic right	Friedrich Ebert	0%
The German word meaning 'leader' used as a title by and to refer to Adolf Hitler	Führer	0%
They which were problematic as a basis for state decision making as they were often conflicting and invariably vague, leaving them open to very different interpretation, in an almost feudal and chaotic totalitarian system	Führer Orders	0%
That which had five different and potentially conflicting sources, namely the; Presidential Chancellery, Reich Chancellery, Führer Chancellery, Party Official, and Official Secretary, demonstrating the rival hierarchical nature of the Nazi state	Führer's Will	0%
Loyal Nazis and originally heads of electoral districts involved in campaigning for the Nazis, becoming Reich Governors in 1933	Gauleiters	0%
An aristocrat and Prussian dominated party which initially opposed unification though, after 1876, sought to maintain the status quo that gave them a privileged position in government, the civil service, and the army, mainly growing after the 1870's	German Conservative Party (DPK)	0%
A left liberal party, opposed to Bismarck, formed in 1884 from a merger between the Liberal Union and the German Progress Party, the former of which having split from the National Liberal Party in 1880, which by 1884 was the second largest party in the Reichstag	German Free Minded Party (DFP)	0%
A significant right wing, anti-semitic conservative party which much opposed the Weimar Republic, winning 10.3% of the vote in 1919	German National People's Party (DNVP)	0%
The party which dissolved itself on 27th June 1933, effectively being absorbed into the Nazi Party	German National People's Party (DNVP)	0%
An anti-unification party that was mainly supported in the south	German People's Party (DVP)	0%
A centre-right party of the middle class and industrialists, opposed to the Weimar Republic and supportive of the monarchy	German People's Party (DVP)	0%
A liberal party more critical of Bismarck that the National Liberal Party which they largely superseded along with the Centre Party from 1881 to 1890	German Progress Party (DFP)	0%
That which received nearly all its information and intelligence from willing denunciations from friends, family, neighbours, and acquaintances with very few actual operatives or staff existing	Gestapo	0%
The assimilation of all aspects of the state into the Nazi Party, seeing the end of democracy, and the purge of Jews and political opponents from the civil service, courts, police, and education	Gleichschaltung	0%
That Länder which most opposed unification with the German Empire	Hanover	0%
Those individuals whom in January 1933 were the three Nazis in Cabinet holding the posts of Chancellor, Prussian Minister of the Interior, and Reich Minister of the Interior	Hitler, Göring, and Frick	0%
A party formed in April 1917 by anti-war and more leftist Social Democratic Party (SPD) members, with over 120,000 members by January 1918, initially including Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht	Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD)	0%
The Nazi concern of how to respond to the imagined infiltration and corruption by Jews of the German state, culture, and race	Jewish Problem	0%
Those two groups that the urban working class blamed for the resented black market during the First World War, alphabetically	Jews, and the Middle Class	0%
21st to 26th June 1933 where the SA, SS, and police systematically arrested, beat, tortured, and murdered people (including many Social Democratic Party (SPD) members) in Köpernick, Berlin, an area widely considered both Jewish and communist	Köpernick Week of Blood	0%
A programme adopted in April 1917 of enforcing annexation and establishing puppet states in the east and west in order to favourably influence France, Russia, and the UK, deemed near unobtainable by Bethmann-Hollweg	Kreuznach Programme	0%
Bismarck's anti-Catholic measures opposed by Prussian conservatives and the Kaiser, launched in the early 1870's alongside similar measures from Protestant state legislatures, which repressed and heavily regulated the Catholic Church such as by seizing church property and expelling or jailing 1,800 priests by 1879	Kulturkampf	0%
That the affect of which on the Reichstag was that the Centre Party became the nucleus of opposition to Bismarck, forming alliances with other anti-Prussian parties, and gaining seats	Kulturkampf	0%
The 25 states that together comprised the German Empire	Länder	0%
Those bodies which under the Constitution of the German Empire preserved their own constitutions, rulers, and administrative systems, as well as responsibility for their own internal affairs, education, transport, health, direct taxation, and policing	Länder	0%
That election in which the Nazis, with 43.9% of the seats won, together with the supporting German National People's Party's (DNVP) 8%, a coalition majority in parliament, though not the two thirds necessary to change the constitution	March 1933 Election	0%
He who initiated the 1917 Reichstag Peace Resolution, as he calculated that the u-boat campaign had failed, and was informed that Austria-Hungary was near collapse and that the more left wing members of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) would force the whole party to vote against war credits in July	Matthias Erzberger	0%
Prussian state laws introduced from 1873 by Prussian Minister of Religion and Education Adalbert Falk which put the Catholic Church under closer state control by supervising Catholic schools, requiring state approval of religious appointments, and in 1875 dissolving all non-nursing religious orders, forcing the Jesuits to leave Germany	May Laws	0%
Those laws which Bismarck relaxed between 1879 and 1887 as he needed the support of the Centre Party (the National Liberal Party having split), an ally against socialism, and to achieve stability and better relations with Catholics in part to aid the negotiating of an alliance with Austria	May Laws	0%
That group in which unrest was caused during the First World War from 1916, by the decrease in the value of their savings due to inflation	Middle Class	0%
That which appeals to, alongside accusations of being 'Reichsfeinde', had the negative consequence of causing xenophobia, and inflaming militarism and the policy of Weltpolitik	Nationalism	0%
That party which, in 1874, failed to win the right for the Reichstag to veto military budgets, in part by unwilling to risk an election by challenging Bismarck, instead gaining the right to debate them every seven years (Septennates)	National Liberal Party (NLP)	0%
An economically liberal and German nationalist middle-class party which was Bismarck's main support base in the 1870's until the 1879 Tariff Act	National Liberal Party (NLP)	0%
That party the key aims of which were to unite Germany, enshrine in law liberty and the rule of law, strengthen the Reichstag, continue to evolve the constitution, and promote and protect free trade	National Liberal Party (NLP)	0%
That party with which Bismarck cooperated as both were concerned about the strength of Catholic opinion as represented by the Centre Party, while Bismarck relied on them as the largest party, hoping to mute calls for democratisation by committing to free trade, and standardising the legal, currency, postal, and telegraph systems	National Liberal Party (NLP)	0%
That party which Bismarck was willing to abandon over tariffs in 1879 as the Centre Party and the conservatives were now dominant in the Reichstag, while he also hoped correctly that such a move would split said party, leaving it with only its more conservative members	National Liberal Party (NLP)	0%
That government, the structure of which has been criticised as being a bedlam of rival hierarchies, competing centres of power, and ambiguous chain of command, led by a Führer with little interest in all but large projects and idealised visions	Nazi Government	0%
That which was decreed the only legal political party on 14th July 1933	Nazi Party	0%
That party which lost 2 million votes and 34 Reichstag seats between July and November 1932	Nazi Party	0%
That party the rise to power of which was helped by political support in the form of pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor as a means of protecting business from rising communism, and conservative support, believing they could control Hitler to their favour	Nazi Party	0%
That which was helped to power by the two non-political factors of the charismatic leadership of Hitler, and a sympathetic and lenient judiciary	Nazi Party	0%
That party, the organisations of which many people joined as they agreed with their policies, feared being seen as opposition, or looked to reap the professional and career benefits it entailed	Nazi Party	0%
30th June 1934 when many insider Nazi critics such as Ernst Röhm were arrested and executed, popular with many, particularly conservatives and generals, while leaving Hitler firmly in control	Night of the Long Knives	0%
That the result of which alongside the death two months later of Paul von Hindenburg was that Hitler was offered a personal oath of loyalty from the armed forces, achieved firm control, and gained wide acclaim or passive acceptance from the vast majority of the populous	Night of the Long Knives	0%
The derogatory name given to those who signed the armistice agreement	November Criminals	0%
1935 laws that stripped German Jews of citizenship and many rights such as to vote or to marry 'Aryan' persons	Nuremberg Laws	0%
He who tried to encourage unity in Germany by fostering a national German identity in the form of using only German in schools and public life, teaching nationalism in schools, creating a German flag and anthem, and celebrating German cultural, economic, social, and military achievements	Otto von Bismarck	0%
He whom was distrustful of Catholics and the Centre Party as most were from the only recently unified southern states (many of which had supported Austria in 1866) or from Polish and French minorities, which together with the Syllabus of Errors and the Church's support for Polish language teaching, called their loyalty into question	Otto von Bismarck	0%
He whom was weakened in the Reichstag by 1884 as the two largest parties (Centre Party, and German Free Minded Party, respectively) both opposed him and together outnumbered the conservatives and National Liberal Party whom no longer constituted a majority	Otto von Bismarck	0%
He who acceded to Hitler's request for an election as the Nazis, through their Cabinet positions, controlled the Prussian police, while an election offered the possibility for a majority parliament, the object of past week's negotiations	Paul von Hindenburg	0%
That group in which - alongside rural labourers - unrest was caused during the First World War by government regulation, the maintenance of tax privileges for Junkers up until 1916, and government searches for rumoured hoarded food	Peasants	0%
That kind of division in the German Empire, reflected in Reichstag membership, which caused disunity in the form of a split between Prussian Junkers opposing universal suffrage and unification as threatening further democratisation, and more liberal southern constituents venting anti-authoritarian feelings by electing democrats	Political Division	0%
Pope from 1878 to 1903 who looked to take a conciliatory and compromising approach with Germany unlike his predecessor Pope Pius IX	Pope Leo XIII	0%
Chancellor from October to November 1918 who obtained the resignations of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, entered unsuccessful peace negotiations with the Allies, abolished the Prussian three-class franchise, made the Chanellor, government, and military accountable to the Reichstag, and offered support to the 1917 Peace Resolution and Wilson's Fourteen Points	Prince Maximilian von Baden	0%
He whose reforms failed to prevent revolution as they came too late, being instituted on the same day as the Kiel Mutiny's precursor, the Wilhelmshaven Mutiny began, while being seen as illegitimate by the large monarchist and smaller communist populations	Prince Maximilian von Baden	0%
That, which under Joseph Goebbels saw great success in the fact that it reinforced already existing beliefs and ideas, quietened dissent by promoting an image of national consensus, and took great care to respond at least superficially to the concerns of the masses such as regarding food prices (gathered through various state agencies), allowing the regime to remain popular	Propaganda	0%
Literally, enemies of the empire, such as France, Catholics, or socialists, used by Bismarck to unite the German population, and distract people from calling for democracy	Reichsfeinde	0%
That legislative body which the Nazi Party abolished in 1934, effectively abolishing federalism in the German state	Reichsrat	0%
That which served as a stabilising and unifying factor in the German Empire as the universal suffrage of its franchise helped foster a German identity while also providing a non-violent outlet to those seeking change	Reichstag	0%
The elected lower house of the federal parliament, composed of about 397 unpaid and mostly Prussian members, which could engage in free debate, and approve or veto new laws and taxes, including the budget, though not initiate legislation itself	Reichstag	0%
That body which best reflected the four principal divisions of the German Empire, namely political (conservative Prussia, liberal south), religious (Catholic south, Protestant north), ethnic (national minorities), and social (class)	Reichstag	0%
A February 1933 decree by Paul von Hindeburg on the advice of Hitler that removed freedom of speech and the freedom to protest, and allowed for unlimited detention of political prisoners (mostly communists), in response to the burning of the Reichstag by a Dutch communist	Reichstag Fire Decree	0%
That kind of division in the German Empire, reflected in Reichstag membership, which caused disunity as Southern, Rhineland, and Ruhr Catholics were uneasy about living in a state with a Protestant Prussian dominated administrated	Religious Division	0%
That type of 'revolution' which the constitutional reforms of Prince Maximilian von Baden can be called	Revolution from Above	0%
That religion to which 37% of the population of the German Empire belonged	Roman Catholicism	0%
Those whom the urban population showed anger towards as they mostly falsely believed them to be hoarding food and thus causing shortages while facing none themselves	Rural Population	0%
The special protection squad that acted as Hitler's personal bodyguard	Schutzstaffel (SS)	0%
A massacre of millions of pigs in 1915 intended to reduce the need for fodder which - though causing an initial excess supply - led to an even greater shortage of meat and a fall in crop yields due tot he loss of a supply of fertilizer	Schweinemorde	0%
An April 1933 law which created Reich Governors in all Länder except Prussia, most being Gauleiters, whom could govern entirely without the consent or cooperation of the diets	Second Gleichschaltung Act	0%
Bismarck's seven year military budgets, which made the military strongly independent of financial controls, helped also by its high prestige	Septennates	0%
A 'peace of victory', being the idea that Germany could not end the war without achieving territorial expansion	Siegfrieden	0%
The period from August 1916 to November 1918 in which an effective military dictatorship under Hindeburg and Ludendorff governed Germany, sidelining the Kaiser and Chancellor, with the reluctant agreement of the Reichstag	Silent Dictatorship	0%
The idea centred around superiority and a 'survival of the fittest' mentality, that much nationalism within the German Empire was based on	Social Darwinism	0%
The name of that party after 1875 (being the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) beforehand) which held an average of 3% of Reichstag seats between 1871 and 1890, though increased those markedly to nearly 10% in 1890	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	0%
That party which responded to the outbreak of war in 1914 by overwhelmingly voting in favour of approving war credits such as war bonds, believing the war to be defensive and of short duration, while also appearing patriotic, despite vehemently opposing war before	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	0%
That party which was dissolved by the Nazis on the 22nd June 1933	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	0%
A working class interest party which grew dramatically from 1871 to 1890, becoming the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1890	Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP)	0%
A fascist paramilitary organisation separate from the Nazis, founded in 1918 to oppose democracy, being the largest such group by 1930, but pressured into aligning the Nazis between 1933 and 1934	Stahlhelm	0%
Those which, in the German Empire, differed from the federal parliament in that, though being bicameral, the lower house usually had a much stricter property-based franchise, while the upper house was usually appointed directly by the ruler and easily able to check the lower house	State Legislatures	0%
The official paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party which, in the March 1933 election was deputised to the police as an auxiliary force to crush opposition supporters, often referred to as Brown Shirts	Sturmabteilung (SA)	0%
A document issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 which denounced socialism, liberalism, nationalism, secularism, etc., to widespread condemnation by Protestants	Syllabus of Errors	0%
A treaty between Russia, Austria, and Germany to come to the aid of each other in the case of attack by a fourth power (France), undermined by the war in sight crisis by splitting Germany and Russia and dissolved over Austro-Russian disputes in the Balkans	Three Emperor's League	0%
Those which were disaffiliated from the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1933 but in May of the same year had their offices raided and leaders arrested, with the organisations being replaced by the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF) later that month	Trade Unions	0%
That which German High Command - to the opposition of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg - resumed in 1917 in the hopes of starving the UK into surrender	Unrestricted Submarine Warfare	0%
The idea of a 'people's community' - unified, classless, and racially pure - promoted by the Nazis, allowing them to tap into a broad rather than sectarian base of support	Volksgemeinschaft	0%
That crisis the result of which was that Britain and Russia intervened by pressuring Germany against war with France, forcing Bismarck to stop his provocative though ultimately bluffing policies, but also much damaging the Three Emperor's League, creating foreign concern of Germany	War in Sight Crisis	0%
An 1875 crisis named eponymously for a Berliner Post article that suggested Germany was seeking and provoking, by meddling in the affairs of France and her neighbours, a preventative war with France, fearing her swift recovery after 1871 and the aggressive pro-Catholic army expanding policies of its royalist government	War in Sight Crisis	0%
The formal cooperation of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), Centre Party (ZP), and centrist German Democratic Party (DDP), that formed the largest block in 1919, having gained 76% of the vote in that years election	Weimar Coalition	0%
That fundamental law which included guarantees of equality between the sexes, freedom of the press, of speech, and to protest, union rights such as of collective bargaining, and state welfare for women, children, and the unemployed	Weimar Constitution	0%
The fundamental law of the Weimar Republic that established a federal republic with a national army under an elected President with the power to dismiss the Chancellor and dissolve the Reichstag, elected proportionally by all Germans over 20	Weimar Constitution	0%
That which has often been criticised as proportional representation never produced majorities, instead causing instability with 9 Chancellors from November 1918 to November 1923, and 28 parties by 1928, while article 48 was abused by Hindenburg and Hitler	Weimar Constitution	0%

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