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A liberal party more critical of Bismarck that the National Liberal Party which they largely superseded along with the Centre Party from 1881 to 1890
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German Progress Party (DFP)
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A 'peace of victory', being the idea that Germany could not end the war without achieving territorial expansion
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Siegfrieden
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Bismarck's anti-Catholic measures opposed by Prussian conservatives and the Kaiser, launched in the early 1870's alongside similar measures from Protestant state legislatures, which repressed and heavily regulated the Catholic Church such as by seizing church property and expelling or jailing 1,800 priests by 1879
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Kulturkampf
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That kind of division in the German Empire, reflected in Reichstag membership, which caused disunity as French, Danish, and Polish peoples within Germany initially supported nationalism before gradually assimilating as Germans and thus changing their voting behaviour accordingly
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Ethnic Division
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The official paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party which, in the March 1933 election was deputised to the police as an auxiliary force to crush opposition supporters, often referred to as Brown Shirts
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Sturmabteilung (SA)
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That party with which Bismarck cooperated as both were concerned about the strength of Catholic opinion as represented by the Centre Party, while Bismarck relied on them as the largest party, hoping to mute calls for democratisation by committing to free trade, and standardising the legal, currency, postal, and telegraph systems
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National Liberal Party (NLP)
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A 1917 resolution passed in the Reichstag after introduction by Centre Party (ZP) leader Matthias Erzberger with the support of the Centre Party (ZP), Social Democratic Party (SPD), German Progress Party (DFP), and some of the National Liberal Party (NLP), calling for a peace without annexations or indemnities, with freedom of the seas and international arbitration
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1917 Reichstag Peace Resolution
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Those four states which, under the Constitution of the German Empire, retained their own armies under the command of their sovereign, except in times of war, in alphabetical order
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Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, and Wurttemberg
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He who acceded to Hitler's request for an election as the Nazis, through their Cabinet positions, controlled the Prussian police, while an election offered the possibility for a majority parliament, the object of past week's negotiations
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Paul von Hindenburg
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The elected lower house of the federal parliament, composed of about 397 unpaid and mostly Prussian members, which could engage in free debate, and approve or veto new laws and taxes, including the budget, though not initiate legislation itself
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Reichstag
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30th June 1934 when many insider Nazi critics such as Ernst Röhm were arrested and executed, popular with many, particularly conservatives and generals, while leaving Hitler firmly in control
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Night of the Long Knives
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Right wing paramilitary groups which were instrumental in defeating the Spartacist Rising and Bavarian Soviet Republic, leading to the murders of USPD leader Hugo Haase, Bavarian Revolutionary leader Kurt Eisner, and KPD and Spartacist leaders, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
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Freikorps
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He who tried to encourage unity in Germany by fostering a national German identity in the form of using only German in schools and public life, teaching nationalism in schools, creating a German flag and anthem, and celebrating German cultural, economic, social, and military achievements
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Otto von Bismarck
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He whom was weakened in the Reichstag by 1884 as the two largest parties (Centre Party, and German Free Minded Party, respectively) both opposed him and together outnumbered the conservatives and National Liberal Party whom no longer constituted a majority
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Otto von Bismarck
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He whose reforms failed to prevent revolution as they came too late, being instituted on the same day as the Kiel Mutiny's precursor, the Wilhelmshaven Mutiny began, while being seen as illegitimate by the large monarchist and smaller communist populations
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Prince Maximilian von Baden
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The fundamental law of the Weimar Republic that established a federal republic with a national army under an elected President with the power to dismiss the Chancellor and dissolve the Reichstag, elected proportionally by all Germans over 20
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Weimar Constitution
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A term used by Ludendorff to describe the 8th August 1918, the first day of the Battle of Amiens which saw a collapse in German morale and a retreat towards the Hindenburg Line, breached in October
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Black Day of the German Army
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Those individuals whom in January 1933 were the three Nazis in Cabinet holding the posts of Chancellor, Prussian Minister of the Interior, and Reich Minister of the Interior
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Hitler, Göring, and Frick
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That kind of division in the German Empire, reflected in Reichstag membership, which caused disunity in the form of a split between Prussian Junkers opposing universal suffrage and unification as threatening further democratisation, and more liberal southern constituents venting anti-authoritarian feelings by electing democrats
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Political Division
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The Nazi concern of how to respond to the imagined infiltration and corruption by Jews of the German state, culture, and race
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Jewish Problem
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