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Question or Term
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Answer
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May to September 1990 negotiations between the two Germanys and the Four Powers (Allied Control Council) agreeing on a unified Germany within NATO which would help fund Soviet withdrawal and pay compensation to Soviet soldiers now out of work
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Two plus Four Negotiations
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That which established the precedent that the recognition by any country other than the Soviet Union of the GDR would be considered an 'unfriendly act' leading to the severing of diplomatic relations except where contact was merely commercial and no explicit or implicit recognition of two Germany's was made
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Hallstein Doctrine
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That country the foreign debt of which increased from 2.2bn DM in 1970 to 34.7bn DM in 1987
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German Democratic Republic
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The ruling party the GDR formed by the forced merger of the East German wings of the SPD and KPD
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Socialist Unionist Party (SED)
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That the fall of which harmed the GDR's economy as it now had to compete with the much more advanced FRG
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Berlin Wall
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A heavily guarded dividing wall built around West Berlin in 1961 that was opened on 9th November 1989, being attacked by celebratory crowds and finally officially demolished between June 1990 and November 1991
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Berlin Wall
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The reduction in factory productivity experienced in the GDR during the refugee crisis as many workers needed for production were leaving the country
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50%
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Leader of the GDR from 1971 to 1989 who increased oppression against change, being a fierce opponent of Gorbachev's reforms (using propaganda to attack him), emphasising the GDR's position as the strongest economy in the Eastern Bloc
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Erich Honecker
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He who began allowing free travel from the GDR from 1986 as he was under popular and party pressure to do so, believing it would stifle calls for emigration and permanent settlement in the FRG (the opposite of which occurred) and improve relations with its FRG creditor
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Erich Honecker
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A legally binding treaty between the FRG and Western Allies in 1955 which mostly restored sovereignty to the FRG as the only legal successor of the German Reich
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General Treaty
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They whom began to fracture in 1945 as their unity had only ever been one of necessity against a common threat, fundamental differences remaining unchanged or having grown
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Allies
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The first free GDR elections with multiple parties in which West Germans like Kohl campaigned, with the pro CDU pro-quick reunification Alliance of Germany coalition winning nearly 50% of all seats, the SPD 22%, and the PDS 16.5%
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March 1990 East German Elections
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Peaceful anti-GDR protests centred on Leipzig which attracted tens of thousands of people causing Honecker to order the army and Stasi to intervene, aborted due to Soviet refusal to offer support, leading to Honecker's resignation in October 1989
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Monday Demonstrations
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Laws by Adenauer granting amnesty to 150,000 previously dismissed officials with Nazi connections and later annulling British denazification processes so as to secure talent, stability, and right-wing support crucial for coalitions, despite protests from the SPD
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Amnesty Laws
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The charismatic 'right-wing' SPD mayor of West Berlin who helped revitalise the party and unite it around the Godesberg Program in 1959, though not becoming leader until 1964
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Willy Brandt
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A series of thirteen war crimes trials conducted by the Allies to try and convict Nazis, 22 being tried in the first trial of whom half were executed
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Nuremberg Trials
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The year in which political parties and free trade unions were revived in both East and West Germany
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1945
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The countries of Eastern and Central Europe under Soviet domination from 1945 to 1989/91 to which Gorbachev made clear in 1988 the USSR would not intervene in the internal affairs of, leading to calls for greater freedoms particularly in Poland and Czechoslovakia
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Eastern Bloc
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Gorbachev's 1986-91 policy of increased openness and transparency, encouraging public scrutiny and discussion to recognise and address the shortcomings of the Soviet system
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Glasnost
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That which many were opposed to both domestically and internationally by early 1989 as it threatened the careful balance of power built up since 1945 and particularly since the 1970's détente
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German Reunification
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