Cardiovascular and Renal Pharmacology

Diuretics, Dysrythmics, Ion Channel Blockers, Congestive Heart Failure, Haemostasis

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Last updated: May 15, 2023

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Hint		Answer
Loop Diuretic	Blocks NKCC in TAL Hypokalaemia Venodilation Uric Acid Retention Ca + Mg Excretion	Furosemide
Thiazide Diuretic	Blocks Na-Cl Cotransport in DCT Hypokalaemia Uric Acid retention Ca + Mg Excretion Increases blood glucose	Bendroflumethiazide
Non-Diuretic Thiazide	Opens K-ATP for more Insulin Vasodilator	Diazoxide
Potassium Sparring Diuretic	Inhibits ENaC in DCT	Amiloride
Potassium Sparring Diuretic	Inhibits Aldosterone via carenone salt AldR competition	Spironolactone
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor	vs Glaucoma + altitude sickness	Acetazolamide
Osmotic Diuretic	Treat Cerebral Oedema (no BBB crossing)	Mannitol
ACE inhibitor	↑Bradykinin (inflam+pain) so use AIIR inhib instead	Ramipril
AT1R Inhibitor	Prevents Angiotensin 2 action	Losartan
Class Ia Dysrhythmic	Medium duration, lengthens AP	Quinidine
Class Ib Dysrhythmic	Fast, shortens AP	Lidocaine
Class Ic Dysrhythmic	Slow, no AP effects	Flecainide
Class II Dysrhythmic	beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist	Atenolol
Class III Dysrhythmic	Inhibits inwards Na + outwards K prolongs AP and refractory period	Amiodarone
Class IV Dysrythmic	L-Type calcium channel blocker	Verapamil
Local Anaesthetic	Use dependence	Lidocaine
Local Anaesthetic	pKA 2.6 (99% unprotonated at normal pH)	Benzocaine
Local Anaesthetic	pKA 8.5 (less effective at lower pH)	Tetracaine
VGNaC Toxin	Binds Glu on S6 Domain IV	Tetrodotoxin
VGNaC Toxin	Prevents inactivation of NaC	Batrachotoxin
Calcium Channel Blocker	Phenylalkylamine	Verapamil
Calcium Channel Blocker	Dihydropyridine	Amlodipine

Hint		Answer
Calcium Channel Blocker	Benzothiazepine	Diltiazem
K-ATP antagonist	ATP Analogue	Sulphonylurea
NCX Inhibitor	Cardiac Glycoside	Digoxin
NCX Inhibitor	Cardiac Glycoside	Ouabain
b1 AR Agonist	Increase CO but increases O2 demand Use antagonist to reduce adrenergic toxicity	Dobutamine
Calcium Sensitiser	Increases binding to Troponin. Inhibits PDE	Levosimendan
SGLT Inhibitor	Lowers blood glucose as well	Dapagliflozin
Renin Inhibitor		Aliskiren
Thrombin Inhibitor	Activates antiThrombin III Causes thrombocytopenia	Heparin
Thrombin Inhibitor	Prevents synth of Factors 2,7,9,10 Interacts with food a lot	Warfarin
Thrombin Inhibitor	Treat A-Fib, use prophylactically for surgery	Dabigatran
Plasminogen Inhibitor		Tranexamic Acid
Activates Plasminogen	TIssue plasminogen activator made from recombinant DNA	Altepase
Activates Plasminogen Activator	From Streptomycin	Streptokinase
Slow release anti-clot	Plasminogen + anisoylated streptokinase	Anistreplase
ADP-Platelet Receptor Inhibitor	Ineffective vs homozygous CYP2C19 mutations	Clopidogrel
Gp IIb/IIIa Inhibitor	Prevents Fibrin and vWF binding	Tirofiban
Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor		Abciximab
Factor Xa Inhibitor		Apixaban
Thrombin Inhibitor	Leech Saliva homologue	Bivalirudin
Thrombin Inhibitor	Reduce HIT	Argatroban
Low Weight Heparin	Reduce HIT	Danaparoid

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