Knowledge (8)

Conceptual knowledge enables us to ___ and understand the objects around us and make ___ about their properties, exist in the form of ___

Concepts are the mental ___ of a class or an individual, or the ___ of objects, events and abstract ideas

Why definitions don't work for categories: not all members of such cateogries have the same ___

Family resemblance is the idea that things in a particular category ___ one another in a number of ways

Prototype approach: membership in a category is determined by ___ the object to a ___ that represents the category

Prototype is a ___ member of a category, an ___ representation of the most ___ members of a categor

High typicality: category member ___ resembles the category prototype

Low typicality: category member does not ___ resemble the category prototype

Typicality effect: ability to judge highly prototypical objects more ___ (e.g. a canary is a bird vs. an ostrich is a bird)

Naming: people are more likely to list some objects than others when aksed to name objects in a ___

Priming: presentation of one stimulus affects responses to a stimulus that ___, faster same/different-color judgments for ___-prototypical items after being primed (hearing the word "green") than for ___-prototypical items

The exemplar approach: determining whether an object is ___ to other objects, involves many examples, each one called an exemplar

Exemplar: actual ___ of the category that a person has encountered in the past

Prototypes vs. exemplars in learning process: when we initially learn about a category, we average ___ into a ___, after we have encountered many more category members, some of the ___ information becomes stronger

Three levels of hierarchical organization: 1) the superordinate / ___ level, 2) the ___ level, 3) the subordinate / ___ level

Basic level is psychologically special: going above it (___) results in large ___ of information, going below it (___) results in little ___ of information

Category level "special" is not the same for everyone, people with more ___ and ___ with a particular category tend to focus on more ___ information

Hierarchical network model: each node represents a ___ and a number of properties are indicated for each concept, related concepts are ___ --> tree structure

Cognitive economy in hierarchical modeL. storing ___ properties just once at a ___-level node

Gradual disintegration in the knowledge of older people seems to follow the ___ route of how children learn about new concepts --> supports ___ model

Spreading activation: activity that spreads out along any link that is ___ to an activated node --> additional concepts that receive activation become ___ and so can be retrieved more easily from memory

Study: press yes when the two presented items were both words, otherwise no, reaction time was better if the two words were ___ (bread/wheat vs. chair/money)

Connectionism: ___ units (activated by stimuli from the environment) send signals to ___ units (activated by signals from other units), which send signals to ___ unit, connections transfer ___ between units, roughly equivalent to ___ in the brain, weights determine how signals sent from one unit either ___ or ___ the activity of the next unit

Support for connectionist approach: resemblance between connections networks and the ___, explain ___ of learning