|
Year
|
|
Citation
|
|
Nationality
|
|
Answer
|
|
1901
|
|
“for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”
|
|
Germany
|
|
Emil von Behring
|
|
1902
|
|
“for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Ronald Ross
|
|
1903
|
|
“in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”
|
|
Faroe Islands
|
|
Niels Finsen
|
|
1904
|
|
“in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”
|
|
Russia
|
|
Ivan Pavlov
|
|
1905
|
|
“for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”
|
|
Germany
|
|
Robert Koch
|
|
1906
|
|
“in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”
|
|
Italy
|
|
Camillo Golgi
|
|
Spain
|
|
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
|
|
1907
|
|
“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”
|
|
France
|
|
Alphonse Laveran
|
|
1908
|
|
“in recognition of their work on immunity”
|
|
Russia
|
|
Élie Metchnikoff
|
|
Germany
|
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
|
1909
|
|
“for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Theodor Kocher
|
|
1910
|
|
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"
|
|
Germany
|
|
Albrecht Kossel
|
|
1911
|
|
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Allvar Gullstrand
|
|
1912
|
|
“in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”
|
|
France
|
|
Alexis Carrel
|
|
1913
|
|
“in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”
|
|
Charles Richet
|
|
1914
|
|
“for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”
|
|
Austria-Hungary
|
|
Robert Bárány
|
|
1919
|
|
"for his discoveries relating to immunity"
|
|
Belgium
|
|
Jules Bordet
|
|
1920
|
|
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"
|
|
Denmark
|
|
August Krogh
|
|
1922
|
|
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Archibald Hill
|
|
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
|
|
Germany
|
|
Otto Meyerhof
|
|
1923
|
|
"for the discovery of insulin"
|
|
Canada
|
|
Frederick Banting
|
|
U.K.
|
|
John Macleod
|
|
1924
|
|
"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Willem Einthoven
|
|
1926
|
|
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Johannes Fibiger
|
|
1927
|
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"
|
|
Austria
|
|
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
|
|
1928
|
|
"for his work on typhus"
|
|
France
|
|
Charles Nicolle
|
|
1929
|
|
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Christiaan Eijkman
|
|
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
|
|
1930
|
|
"for his discovery of human blood groups"
|
|
Austria/U.S.
|
|
Karl Landsteiner
|
|
1931
|
|
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
|
|
Germany
|
|
Otto Warburg
|
|
1932
|
|
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Charles Sherrington
|
|
Edgar Adrian
|
|
1933
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan
|
|
1934
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
George Whipple
|
|
George Minot
|
|
William Murphy
|
|
1935*
|
|
“for his[/her] discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”
|
|
Germany
|
|
Hans Spemann
|
|
Hilde Mangold
|
|
1936
|
|
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Henry Dale
|
|
Germany
|
|
Otto Loewi
|
|
1937
|
|
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
|
|
Hungary
|
|
Albert Szent-Györgyi
|
|
1938
|
|
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"
|
|
Belgium
|
|
Corneille Heymans
|
|
1939
|
|
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"
|
|
Germany
|
|
Gerhard Domagk
|
|
1943
|
|
"for his discovery of vitamin K"
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Henrik Dam
|
|
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Edward Doisy
|
|
1944
|
|
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Joseph Erlanger
|
|
Herbert Gasser
|
|
1945
|
|
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Alexander Fleming
|
|
Ernst Chain
|
|
Australia
|
|
Howard Florey
|
|
1946
|
|
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Hermann Muller
|
|
1947
|
|
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
|
|
Czechoslovakia/U.S.
|
|
Carl Cori
|
|
Gerty Cori
|
|
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"
|
|
Argentina
|
|
Bernardo Houssay
|
|
1948
|
|
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Paul Müller
|
|
1949
|
|
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Walter Hess
|
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"
|
|
Portugal
|
|
António Egas Moniz
|
|
1950
|
|
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Philip Hench
|
|
Edward Kendall
|
|
Poland/Switzerland
|
|
Tadeusz Reichstein
|
|
1951
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"
|
|
South Africa/U.S.
|
|
Max Theiler
|
|
1952
|
|
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Selman Waksman
|
|
1953
|
|
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
|
|
West Germany/U.K.
|
|
Hans Kreb
|
|
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Fritz Lipmann
|
|
1954
|
|
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
John Enders
|
|
Frederick Robbins
|
|
Thomas Weller
|
|
1955
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Hugo Theorell
|
|
1956
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
|
|
France/U.S.
|
|
André Cournand
|
|
West Germany
|
|
Werner Forssmann
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Dickinson Richards
|
|
1957
|
|
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
|
|
Switzerland/Italy
|
|
Daniel Bovet
|
|
1958
|
|
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
George Beadle
|
|
Edward Tatum
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
|
|
Joshua Lederberg
|
|
1959
|
|
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Arthur Kornberg
|
|
Spain/U.S.
|
|
Severo Ochoa
|
|
1960
|
|
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
|
|
Australia
|
|
Frank Macfarlane Burnet
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Peter Medawar
|
|
1961
|
|
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
|
|
Hungary
|
|
Georg von Békésy
|
|
1962*
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Francis Crick
|
|
U.S.
|
|
James Watson
|
|
New Zealand/U.K.
|
|
Maurice Wilkins
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Rosalind Franklin
|
|
1963
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
|
|
Australia
|
|
John Eccles
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Alan Hodgkin
|
|
Andrew Huxley
|
|
1964
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Konrad Bloch
|
|
West Germany
|
|
Feodor Lynen
|
|
1965
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
|
|
France
|
|
François Jacob
|
|
André Lwoff
|
|
Jacques Monod
|
|
1966
|
|
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Peyton Rous
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
|
|
Canada/U.S.
|
|
Charles Huggins
|
|
1967
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
|
|
Finland/Sweden
|
|
Ragnar Granit
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Haldan Hartline
|
|
George Wald
|
|
1968
|
|
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Robert Holley
|
|
India/U.S.
|
|
Har Gobind Khorana
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Marshall Nirenberg
|
|
1969
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Max Delbrück
|
|
Alfred Hershey
|
|
Italy/U.S.
|
|
Salvador Luria
|
|
1970
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Julius Axelrod
|
|
Sweden
|
|
West Germany/U.K.
|
|
Bernard Katz
|
|
1971
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Earl Sutherland
|
|
1972
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Gerald Edelman
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Rodney Porter
|
|
1973
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
|
|
Austria
|
|
Karl von Frisch
|
|
Konrad Lorenz
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
|
1974
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
|
|
Belgium/U.S.
|
|
Albert Claude
|
|
Belgium
|
|
Christian de Duve
|
|
Romania/U.S.
|
|
George Palade
|
|
1975
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
David Baltimore
|
|
Italy/U.S.
|
|
Renato Dulbecco
|
|
1975
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Howard Temin
|
|
1976
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Baruch Blumberg
|
|
D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
|
1977
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
|
|
France/U.S.
|
|
Roger Guillemin
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Andrew Schally
|
|
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
|
|
Rosalyn Yalow
|
|
1978
|
|
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Werner Arber
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Daniel Nathans
|
|
Hamilton Smith
|
|
1979
|
|
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
|
|
South Africa/U.S.
|
|
Allan Cormack
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Godfrey Hounsfield
|
|
1980
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
|
|
Venezuela/U.S.
|
|
Baruj Benacerraf
|
|
France
|
|
Jean Dausset
|
|
U.S.
|
|
George Snell
|
|
1981
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Roger Sperry
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
|
|
David Hubel
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Torsten Wiesel
|
|
1982
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Sune Bergström
|
|
Bengt Samuelsson
|
|
U.K.
|
|
John Vane
|
|
1983
|
|
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Barbara McClintock
|
|
1984
|
|
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Niels Jerne
|
|
West Germany
|
|
George Köhler
|
|
Argentina
|
|
César Milstein
|
|
1985
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Michael Brown
|
|
Joseph Goldstein
|
|
1986
|
|
"for their discoveries of growth factors"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Stanley Cohen
|
|
Italy
|
|
Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
|
1987
|
|
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
|
|
Japan
|
|
Susumu Tonegawa
|
|
1988
|
|
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
James Black
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Gertrude Elion
|
|
George Hitchings
|
|
1989
|
|
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
J. Michael Bishop
|
|
Harold Varmus
|
|
1990
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Joseph Murray
|
|
E. Donnall Thomas
|
|
1991
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
|
|
Germany
|
|
Erwin Neher
|
|
Bert Sakmann
|
|
1992
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
|
|
Switzerland/U.S.
|
|
Edmond Fischer
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Edwin Krebs
|
|
1993
|
|
"for their discoveries of split genes"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Richard Roberts
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Phillip Sharp
|
|
1994
|
|
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Alfred Gilman
|
|
Martin Rodbell
|
|
1995
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Edward Lewis
|
|
Germany
|
|
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Eric Wieschaus
|
|
1996
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
|
|
Australia
|
|
Peter Doherty
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
Rolf Zinkernagel
|
|
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Stanley Prusiner
|
|
1998
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Robert Furchgott
|
|
Louis Ignarro
|
|
Ferid Murad
|
|
1999
|
|
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Günter Blobel
|
|
2000
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Arvid Carlsson
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Paul Greengard
|
|
Austria/U.S.
|
|
Eric Kandel
|
|
2001
|
|
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Leland Hartwell
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Tim Hunt
|
|
Paul Nurse
|
|
2002
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
|
|
South Africa
|
|
Sydney Brenner
|
|
U.S.
|
|
H. Robert Horvitz
|
|
U.K.
|
|
John Sulston
|
|
2003
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Paul Lauterbur
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Peter Mansfield
|
|
2004
|
|
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Richard Axel
|
|
Linda Buck
|
|
2005
|
|
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
|
|
Australia
|
|
Barry Marshall
|
|
J. Robin Warren
|
|
2006
|
|
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Andrew Fire
|
|
Craig Mello
|
|
2007
|
|
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."
|
|
Italy/U.S.
|
|
Mario Capecchi
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Martin Evans
|
|
U.K./U.S.
|
|
Oliver Smithies
|
|
2008
|
|
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"
|
|
Germany
|
|
Harald zur Hausen
|
|
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
|
|
France
|
|
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
|
|
Luc Montagnier
|
|
2009
|
|
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
|
|
Australia/U.S.
|
|
Elizabeth Blackburn
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Carol Greider
|
|
Canada/U.S.
|
|
Jack Szostak
|
|
2010
|
|
"for the development of in vitro fertilization"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Robert Edwards
|
|
2011
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Bruce Beutler
|
|
France
|
|
Jules Hoffmann
|
|
“for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity”
|
|
Canada
|
|
Ralph Steinman
|
|
2012
|
|
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
|
|
U.K.
|
|
John Gurdon
|
|
Japan
|
|
Shinya Yamanaka
|
|
2013
|
|
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
James Rothman
|
|
Randy Schekman
|
|
Germany/U.S.
|
|
Thomas Südhof
|
|
2014
|
|
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
|
|
U.S./U.K.
|
|
John O'Keefe
|
|
Norway
|
|
May-Britt Moser
|
|
Edvard Moser
|
|
2015
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
|
|
Ireland/U.S.
|
|
William Campbell
|
|
Japan
|
|
Satoshi Ōmura
|
|
China
|
|
Tu Youyou
|
|
2016
|
|
"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"
|
|
Japan
|
|
Yoshinori Ohsumi
|
|
2017
|
|
"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Jeffrey Hall
|
|
Michael Rosbash
|
|
Michael Young
|
|
2018
|
|
"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
James Allison
|
|
Japan
|
|
Tasuku Honjo
|
|
2019
|
|
"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
William Kaelin
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Peter Ratcliffe
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Gregg Semenza
|
|
2020
|
|
"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Harvey Alter
|
|
U.K.
|
|
Michael Houghton
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Charles Rice
|
|
2021
|
|
"for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
David Julius
|
|
Lebanon/U.S.
|
|
Ardem Patapoutian
|
|
2022
|
|
"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"
|
|
Sweden
|
|
Svante Pääbo
|
|
2023
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
|
|
Hungary/U.S.
|
|
Katalin Karikó
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Drew Weissman
|
|
2024
|
|
"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Victor Ambros
|
|
Gary Ruvkun
|
|
2025
|
|
"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"
|
|
U.S.
|
|
Mary Brunkow
|
|
Fred Ramsdell
|
|
Japan
|
|
Shimon Sakaguchi
|
