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Definition
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Term
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2. Viruses from other animals spread to humans
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contact between species
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3. viruses spread from isolated human population to larger human population
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spread
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harvest the energy from sunlight but gets their carbon atoms from organic molecules
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chemoautotrophs
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rod shaped prokaryotic bacteria, may also be threadlike, or filaments
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bacilli
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the longer and more flexible spiral prokaryotic bacteria
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spirochetes
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spherical prokaryotic cells , sometimes occur in chains that are called steptococci
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cocci
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help prokaryotes move in their environment; protein tails that rotate like a propeller
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Flagella
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the second stage of binary division, the cell is elongated and the copies are moved
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elongated
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an infectious particle consisting of a little bit of nucleic acid
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virus
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hairlike projections that enable prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or surface or each other
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fimbriae
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DNA or RNA can be present in animal viruses, but mist plant viruses are made up of _____.
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RNA
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3 processes that contribute to viral disease
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bleh
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more complex cell walls containing less peptidoglycan and protective outer membrane- more likely to cause disease, turns pink under the microscope
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Gram- negative
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1. RNA viruses ______ rapidly.
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Mutation
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proteins secreted by bacteria cells, some of the most powerful toxins
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exotoxins
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A set of defenses that is activated only after exposure to specific antigens
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Adaptive/ Acquired immunity
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process of dividing the prokaryote in half
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binary fission
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white blood cells that are responsible for the production of antibodies
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lymphocytes
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composed of a harmless varriant or part of a disease cause microbe, such as inactivated bacterial toxin
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vaccine
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spiral prokaryote shaped like a corkscrew, rigid and short spirals
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spirilla
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when the bacteria becomes resistant to the antibiotics
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antibiotic resistance
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thrive in very salty places
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extreme halophiles
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simpler cell walls containing a thick layer of peptidoglycan, turns purple under the microscope
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gram-positive
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covers the cell wall of many prokaryotes, made up of a sticky layer of protein
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capsule
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any molecule that causes an adaptive immune response
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antigen
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obtain energy from sunlight, but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules
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photoheterotrophs
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components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell
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endotoxins
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occurs upon the first exposure to the antigen, slower
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primary immune response
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the first stage of binary fission, the chromosome is duplicated and the copies are seperated
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duplication
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obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon
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photoautotrophs
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the third stage of binary fission, the cell is divided into two daughter cells
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division
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immune proteins produced when the immune system detects an antigen
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antibodies
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a thick protective coat that can dehydrate and is tolerant of extreme and harsh conditions
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endospores
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the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the soild, air or water
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bioremediation
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harnesses the energy stored in chemicals- provides energy to prokaryotes
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chemotrophs
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thrive in very hot water, such as geysers and acid pools
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extreme thermophiles
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live in anaerobic (no oxygen) enviroments and give off methane as a water product from the digestive tracts of cattle and deer
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methanogens
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the secondary exposure to the antigen, faster than the primary
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secondary immune response
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how adaptive immunity can be obtained by the administration of a vaccine
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vaccination
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possible explanation for an observation
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Hypothesis
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potential outcome of an experiment based on hypothesis
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prediction
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provide energy and come in different forms
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sugars
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single/simple sugar
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monosaccharides
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many sugars bonded together
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polysaccharides
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fats
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lipids
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phospholipids
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steroids
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provide energy, insulation, form plasma membrane, form hormones
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fats
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made up of amino acids,, building blocks
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proteins
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speed up chemical reactions
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enztmes
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form structuarl parts of the cell
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proteins
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bacteria and archaea, not complex
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prokaryote
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everything thats not a prokaryote, more complex
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eukaryote
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only present in bacteria and plant cells
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cell wall
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only present in plants
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chloroplast
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not present in bacteria
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nucleus
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present in all cells
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cell membrane
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