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Question
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Answer
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Who conducted the study on the stages of attachment?
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Schaffer and Emerson
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What is the name of stage 1?
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Indiscriminate attachment
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What is the name of stage 2?
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Beginning of attachment
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What is the name of stage 3?
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Discriminate attachment
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What is the name of stage 4?
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Multiple attachment
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What percentage of infant's first specific attachment were with their MOTHERS in the study?
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65%
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What percentage of infant's first specific attachment were with their FATHERS in the study?
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3%
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When was the study on the stages of attachment conducted?
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1960s
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What age is the infant during stage 1?
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From birth until about 2 months
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What age is the infant during stage 2?
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Around the age of 4 months
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What age is the infant during stage 3?
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By 7 months
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When does the infant develop stage 4?
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Very soon after the main attachment is formed
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What is supposedly the BIOLOGICAL reason mothers are more sensitive than fathers?
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Oestrogen
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How does an infant develop a relationship during the indiscriminate stage?
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Reciprocity and interactional synchrony
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What percentage of infants had formed an attachment with their father by 18 months old?
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75%
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What does the infant show a preference to at the end of the indiscriminate stage?
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Social stimuli, such as smiling faces
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What is the role of father according to Geiger (1996)?
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A father is an exciting playmate whereas the mother is conventional and nurturing.
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What are the main features of the beginning of attachment stage? (HINT: There's no stranger anxiety yet so...)
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Easily comforted by everyone
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What are the main features of the beginning of attachment stage?
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Can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
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What are the main features of the beginning of attachment stage? (HINT: The most distinctive feature of this phase)
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Become more social / General sociability / Enjoyment of being with people
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Who has the infant formed an attachment with during the discriminate stage?
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Their primary attachment figure
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What two types of anxiety develops in the discriminate stage?
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Separation anxiety
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What two types of anxiety develops in the discriminate stage?
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Stranger anxiety
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After ONE month of forming their first specific attachment, what percentage of infants had another attachment to someone else in the study?
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29% - This could be the other parent, a sibling, a grandparent or other relatives.
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After SIX month of forming their first specific attachment, what percentage of infants had another attachment to someone else in the study?
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78%
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What is supposedly the CULTURAL/SOCIAL reason mothers are more sensitive than fathers?
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Gender stereotypes / Spend more time at work
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What did Frodi (1978) find about the role of the father as a primary attachment figure?
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There was no difference in the physiological responses of men and women when shown a video of a baby crying.
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AO3: What are the main LIMITATIONS of the stages of attachment research?
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Unreliable - Data is based on self-reports from mothers.
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What hormone elicits caregiving behaviour? (HINT: It was previously thought that only women had it but recent research has shown men can produce it.)
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Oxytocin
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AO3: What are the main LIMITATIONS of the stages of attachment research?
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Biased sample - The sample was from the working class population.
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AO3: What are the main LIMITATIONS of the stages of attachment research?
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Lacks temporal validity - Parenting has changed since the 1960s.
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AO3: What are the main LIMITATIONS of the stages of attachment research?
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Ethnocentric bias - This research is based on individualist cultures and shouldn't be generalised to collectivist cultures.
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AO3: What are the main LIMITATIONS of the stages of attachment research?
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Inflexible - The model is in a fixed order so any infant that doesn't follow the norm may be classed as abnormal.
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AO3: What are the main STRENGTHS of the role of the father?
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Proof of its importance - Children with secure attachments to their fathers have better relationships with peers, less problematic behaviour, and are more able to regulate their emotions.
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AO3: What did Field (1978) find about the role of the father?
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Fathers were more playful than mothers - After comparing mothers and fathers interactions with 4 month old infants, they observed that fathers engaged more in game playing but held the infant less.
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AO3: What did Field (1978) find that primary caregiver fathers did more than secondary caregiver fathers?
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Primary fathers engaged in significantly more smiling, reciprocity, and interactional synchrony than secondary fathers.
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