Plant structure/function exam 1

Cambial layer that produces protective peristem

Plastids (Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts), mitochondria

Storage, turgidity of cells

Appearance, Geonotype+epigenetic instructions+environment

Living cells within thin primary walls, can keep dividing, crucial for regeneration/wound recovery, totipotency

First genetically engineered plant

Transcription factor required to inhibit bud outgrowth

Allows movement from cell to cell

Photosynthetic production center, thylakoid membrane

Changes in DNA

Entire segments are affected, from translocation/deletion/inversion/substitution

Adventitious roots that grow from the stem after the plants have developed beyond embryo development

Outer layer "skin" of plants, including root hairs/trichomes/stomata guard cells

Result of plant growth

Increase of width/diameter of shoots/roots

Repetitive elements that can move or duplicate independently

Step one of central dogma, where RNA polymerase finds the gene which needs to be expressed and copies it

Folded/stacked membranes, deliver essential nutrients around the cell

Moves water/nutrients in bulk, die when maturity is reached, contain tracheid and vessel elements

Control of transcription initiation, maintenance of transcription, and termination

Basic module of a plant, consisting of an internode, node, leaf, and auxiliary meristem

"Founder" of genetics, studied peas

First cell of cell wall, usually less than a micrometer thick

Connecting matter of cellulose, made of matrix polysaccharides, made in Golgi apparatus

Move photosynthate from leaves to the roots/flowers/seeds, still alive at maturity, sieve tube elements in angiosperms, sieve cells in gymnosperms

If two genes are located close together on a chromosome, the won't segregate independently

Xylem/Phloem

Root growth region

Control of mRNA stability, translation efficiency and degradation

Pollen develops in anther, eggs develop in ovule, pollen moves to stigma, pollen tubes transfer pollen towards eggs, nuclei of pollen meets egg

Composed of microtubules and microfilaments

Thicker, stronger, and more fortified than primary cell walls (Made from different compounds)

Mendel principle, traits inherited from one gene are inherited differently from traits from other genes

Made from actin

Mendel principle, Individuals carry pairs of genes that separate during meiosis

Removes introns from genomic DNA strand

Main abundant component of cell walls

Fluid mosaic model, lipid-protein structure, holds cell together by regulating inside and outside conditions, Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

Points/localized regions of continuous cell divisions that enable growth in post-embryonic development

Adventitious roots that branch from the hypocotyl

Make sure everything works together in central dogma

Alleles determine

Encode transcription factors/proteins encoded elsewhere in the genome

Top growth region, behind the leaf primordium

Each individual part of the gene sequence that is being added

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts

Main structural backbone or cell walls, composed of microfibrils that make microfibrils that make fibers, deposition of this determines cell expansion

Place of respiration, ATP production

ER, Nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, endosomes

Sends gene/product to where it's needed

Growth habit described by a weakly-branched plant, with a strong branching response to decapitation

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, can create a "memory" of a piece of DNA and direct its sequence-specific degradation

Connect adjacent cells, acts as exoskeleton, determines plant shape, acts as a diffusion barrier, provide anchor point for sensory proteins, act as a barrier for pathogens/parasites/herbivores, provide strength for xylem, made from cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose

Adjacent to the transcription unit

Determines the geometric arrangement of individual roots within the root system

Cements individual cells together

Cambial layer that produces wood within vascular tissue

Determines activity/efficiency of the product

Phase of plant development that results in new organs

Secondary growth from meristematic tissue

Stores most genetic information, surrounded by nuclear envelope, dotted with nuclear pores (channels that are made up of nucleoporin proteins), contain chromosomes

Wound around histones to form nucleosomes

One or few nucleotides are changed, from insertion/deletion/inversion/substitution

Precise gene replacement, base editing

Configuration of the genomic DNA to allow or block access to original template

Grow by growing and shrinking of cells

Made from DNA and associated proteins