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Plant Structures Quiz 4

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austin55
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Last updated: May 12, 2025
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First submittedMay 12, 2025
Times taken35
Average score40.0%
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Cause the most significant damage to plants
Chewing insects
Protein products that act as elicitors of damage response pathways in plants; recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the cell surface
Damage associated molecular pattern
Intentionally water-stressing plants to allow for them to produce more sugars within fruit, used in grapes
Reduced deficit irrigation
Legumes, nodules on roots fix nitrogen for the plant (nod factors)
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria/Rhizobia
Light, water, CO2, O2, Soil Nutrient Content/availability, temp, toxins
Abiotic Stress sources
Causes decrease of O2 levels at root surface, shifting energy from respiration to fermentation, which could result in toxicity from ethanol accumulation, protein synthesis is suppressed, too rapid of recovery could result in rapid Reactive Oxygen Species production
Flooding stress
Contain species-specific secondary metabolites like terpenoids and phenolics in a pocket formed between the cell wall and the cuticle which are released upon contact
Glandular trichomes
Physiological or developmental responses of a plant to its environment that do not involve genetic changes
Phenotypic plasticity
Longitudinal, gas-filled channels that provide a low-resistance pathway for gas to flow to oxygen-limited roots surrounded by water
Aerenchyma
An enzyme that generates superoxide using NADPH as electron donor
Respiratory burst oxidase homolog D
Are always immediately available or operational
Constitutive defenses
Leaves, cotyledons, bud scales, and floral parts have very different functions but are all evolutionary modifications of the leaf
Homologous structures
Specific pathogen molecules or cell wall fragments that bind to plant proteins and thereby act as signals for activation of plant defense against a pathogen
Elicitors
Composite of a fungus and an organism capable of carrying out photosynthesis (photobiont), over 14000 species worldwide
Lichens
The increase in plant stress tolerance due to exposure to prior stress; may involove gene expression changes
Acclimation
High-intensity light overwhelms photosynthetic machinery capacity, Antenna complexes become overwhelmed and electrons pool within the system, electrons are diverted to atmospheric O2, generating Reactive Oxygen Species
Light Stress
Photobiont with chloroplasts where chlorophyll are contained
Green Algae
Compounds with no direct role in plant growth and development but function as defenses against herbivores and infection by microbes, or as attractants for pollinators and seed-dispersing animals and agents of plant-plant competition; include phytoalexins
Secondary metabolites
The spine of a cactus (modified leaf) and the thorn of a Hawthorne (modified stem) look similar but have completely different evolutionary backgrounds, result of convergent evolution
Analogous structures
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
Mutualism
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