LAW II - Lecture 2

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Dernière actualisation : 12 mars 2026

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Hint	Answer
Meaning of "source of public international law"	The legal process through which norms are created, modified and annulled
Meaning of "source of public international law"	the place where the resulting legal norms can be found
Why is identifying sources of international law difficult?	The international legal system is decentralised — there is no law-making authority above States
Which article is considered the most authoritative and comprehensive list of IL sources?	Article 38 of the ICJ Statute
What does Article 38(2) allow the Court to do?	Decide a case ex aequo et bono (in fairness and justice) if the parties agree
There is no formal ... between customary law, treaties and general principles	Hierarchy
Which source do courts usually look to first?	Treaty
What is the primary function of general principles of law?	Fill legal gaps
What is the status of judicial decisions and doctrine under Article 38?	Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law
What kind of rules does customary IL govern?	Unwritten rules
elements required to establish a customary rule?	General practice
elements required to establish a customary rule?	opinio juris ac necessitatis
state practice does not need to be ... to form a custom	Universal
the practice of a few major powers is ... to establish a custom	Insufficient
Quality state practice must have	widespread

Hint	Answer
Quality state practice must have	representative
Quality state practice must have	consistent
What is the relationship between the material and psychological elements of custom in practice?	Intertwined
How is state consent to a custom normally expressed?	Tacitly
What is the legal consequence of persistent objection?	Custom may not apply to that objecting state
Which case established the persistent objector doctrine?	The Fisheries Case
What is a classic example of a custom that survives despite frequent violations?	The prohibition of torture
What classic maxim did the Nicaragua Case render invalid?	Law breaking is an essential method of law-making
What treaty addressed the continental shelf in 1958?	The Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf
How does Article 38 describe the states whose principles qualify?	Civilised nations
When are general principles of law typically invoked?	To fill gaps in the absence of a customary rule or treaty provision
general principle of law	Good faith
What distinguishes soft law from hard law?	Non binding
What theory do international courts usually adopt regarding the legal force of instruments?	The presumptive theory