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Renal Phys Revision
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Last updated: October 31, 2024
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| First submitted | October 29, 2024 |
| Times taken | 18 |
| Average score | 26.0% | Report this quiz | Report |
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1. What primarily drives the movement of fluid across the glomerular filtration barrier?
Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmosis
Active transport
2. How does increased blood protein concentration affect GFR?
Decreases GFR
Fluctuates GFR
Has no effect
Increases GFR
3. Where is bicarbonate primarily reabsorbed in the nephron?
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Distal convoluted tubule
4. What is the main buffering system in the urine?
Phosphate buffering
Bicarbonate buffering
Bone buffering
Protein buffering
5. Which of the following conditions can cause respiratory acidosis?
Hypoxia
Anxiety
COPD
Hyperventilation
6. What hormone regulates sodium secretion in the collecting ducts?
ADH
ANP
Renin
Aldosterone
7. What occurs during the synthesis of bicarbonate in the distal convoluted tubule?
Carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate
Only hydrogen ions are excreted
Bicarbonate is reabsorbed without any synthesis
Bicarbonate is secreted directly into the tubular fluid
8. What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
80%
67%
50%
25%
9. What characterizes metabolic acidosis?
Normal pH, low HCO3-
High pH, high HCO3-
High pH, normal HCO3-
Low pH, low HCO3-
10. What happens to GFR when there is an obstruction in urine removal?
It increases due to increased hydrostatic pressure
It fluctuates significantly
It decreases due to decreased hydrostatic pressure
It remains unchanged
11. How does the body primarily remove fixed acids?
Through respiration
Through sweat
By the kidneys
By buffering systems
12. What is the term used for the fluid that passes through the glomerular filtration barrier?
Urine
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Glomerular filtrate
13. What happens to potassium in the late DCT?
It is secreted
It is converted to sodium
It is reabsorbed
It is neither absorbed nor secreted
14. Which transporter is primarily responsible for sodium reabsorption in the early DCT?
Na+/Ca2+ channel
Sodium-glucose cotransporter
Na+/K+ ATPase
Na-Cl cotransporter
15. What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation leading to decreased pCO2
Hypoventilation leading to increased pCO2
Increased H+ concentration
Decreased metabolic production of acids
16. What happens during hyperkalemia?
Muscle weakness
Increased cardiac excitability
Cells become hyperpolarized
Delayed repolarization
17. Which limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
Thin descending limb
Both B and C
Thin ascending limb
Thick ascending limb
18. What is the primary function of the afferent arterioles?
To carry blood away from the glomerulus
To bring blood into the glomerulus
To filter blood
To regulate urine output
19. What is the role of carbonic acid (H2CO3) in acid-base balance?
It decreases pH
It buffers excess hydrogen ions
It is not involved in acid-base balance
It increases the pH by releasing H+
20. What is the glomerular filtration barrier composed of?
Macula densa, mesangial cells, vasa recta
Smooth muscle, connective tissue, endothelium
Squamous epithelium, connective tissue, pericytes
Podocytes, basement membrane, fenestrated endothelium
21. Which condition is associated with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Excess aldosterone
Excessive vomiting
Diarrhea
22. Which component of the glomerular filtration barrier prevents red blood cells from passing through?
Filtration slits
Glomerular basement membrane
Fenestrated endothelium
Podocytes
23. What happens to pCO2 during metabolic alkalosis?
It decreases
It increases
It fluctuates unpredictably
It remains constant
24. What compensatory response occurs in metabolic acidosis?
Decreased production of acids
Increased ventilation, leading to decreased pCO2
Decreased respiratory rate
Increased bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys
25. Which of the following is secreted into the tubular fluid in the PCT?
Sodium
Ammonia
Water
Glucose
26. What is the effect of epinephrine on renal blood flow?
It increases renal blood flow
It causes vasodilation
It decreases renal blood flow
It has no significant effect
27. Which of the following factors moves potassium into cells?
Insulin
Acidosis
Lack of Aldosterone
Hyperkalemia
28. Which substance is primarily reabsorbed via passive diffusion along with water in the PCT?
Potassium
Glucose
Chloride
Urea
29. Which hormone is not released in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
ANP
ADH
Aldosterone
30. In metabolic alkalosis, which of the following is a common cause?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Excessive vomiting
Renal failure
Lactic acidosis
31. Which of the following correctly describes the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
pH = [HA]/[A-]
pH = pKa + [A-] - [HA]
pH = pKa + log([HA]/[A-])
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
32. In response to a decrease in pH, what renal adjustment occurs?
Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption
Decreased hydrogen ion secretion
Increased ammonia production
Increased urine volume
33. How does sodium primarily enter cells in the PCT?
Sodium-glucose cotransporter
Sodium-potassium ATPase
Paracellular transport
Passive diffusion
34. Which factor contributes to an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Urine obstruction
Efferent arteriole constriction
Increased oncotic pressure in the blood
Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
35. What is the primary driver for the secretion of potassium by principal cells?
ANP
Aldosterone
ADH
Insulin
36. What is the effect of the thick ascending limb on tubular fluid volume?
Decreases fluid volume
Maintains fluid volume
Has little effect on volume
Increases fluid volume
37. What is the effect of natriuretic peptides on sodium reabsorption?
Increases sodium reabsorption
Increases potassium reabsorption
Has no effect on sodium reabsorption
Decreases sodium reabsorption
38. In the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle, what is primarily reabsorbed?
Sodium
Chloride
Urea
Water
39. What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule?
5%
2%
15%
10%
40. What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the PCT?
Reabsorb water
Pump sodium into the interstitium
Facilitate glucose reabsorption
Secrete potassium into the tubular fluid
41. What mechanism is activated when systemic blood pressure changes?
Myogenic mechanism
All of the above
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Autoregulation
42. What is the effect of ADH on the collecting duct?
Increases water reabsorption
Decreases urea reabsorption
Decreases potassium secretion
Increases sodium reabsorption
43. What is the primary renal response to respiratory acidosis?
Excrete bicarbonate
Increase ventilation
Decrease ammonia production
Reabsorb bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions
44. How does angiotensin II affect renal blood flow?
It has no effect on renal blood flow.
It causes vasodilation of the afferent arterioles.
It causes vasoconstriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles
It decreases GFR by increasing hydrostatic pressure
45. Which of the following conditions would decrease GFR?
Release of dopamine
Increased proteins in blood
Afferent arteriole vasodilation
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
46. What do osmoreceptors primarily respond to?
Changes in potassium concentration
Changes in plasma osmolarity
Changes in sodium concentration
Changes in blood volume
47. What type of transport occurs in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Passive diffusion
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport via Na+/K+/2A-� cotransporters
48. What is the role of natriuretic peptides (ANP/BNP) in renal physiology?
Cause vasodilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles
Increase renin secretion
Cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
Increase blood pressure
49. Which mechanism is responsible for the contraction of afferent arterioles in response to high blood pressure?
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Renin-angiotensin system
Myogenic mechanism
Sympathetic stimulation
50. What characterizes respiratory acidosis?
Low pH, low pCO2
High pH, high pCO2
Normal pH, high pCO2
Low pH, high pCO2
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