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Renal Phys Revision
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Last updated: October 31, 2024
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| First submitted | October 29, 2024 |
| Times taken | 18 |
| Average score | 26.0% | Report this quiz | Report |
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1. What primarily drives the movement of fluid across the glomerular filtration barrier?
Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Active transport
Osmosis
2. How does increased blood protein concentration affect GFR?
Fluctuates GFR
Increases GFR
Decreases GFR
Has no effect
3. Where is bicarbonate primarily reabsorbed in the nephron?
Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
4. What is the main buffering system in the urine?
Bicarbonate buffering
Phosphate buffering
Protein buffering
Bone buffering
5. Which of the following conditions can cause respiratory acidosis?
Hyperventilation
Anxiety
COPD
Hypoxia
6. What hormone regulates sodium secretion in the collecting ducts?
Renin
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
7. What occurs during the synthesis of bicarbonate in the distal convoluted tubule?
Bicarbonate is secreted directly into the tubular fluid
Only hydrogen ions are excreted
Bicarbonate is reabsorbed without any synthesis
Carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate
8. What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
80%
67%
50%
25%
9. What characterizes metabolic acidosis?
Low pH, low HCO3-
High pH, normal HCO3-
High pH, high HCO3-
Normal pH, low HCO3-
10. What happens to GFR when there is an obstruction in urine removal?
It fluctuates significantly
It remains unchanged
It decreases due to decreased hydrostatic pressure
It increases due to increased hydrostatic pressure
11. How does the body primarily remove fixed acids?
Through respiration
Through sweat
By the kidneys
By buffering systems
12. What is the term used for the fluid that passes through the glomerular filtration barrier?
Interstitial fluid
Glomerular filtrate
Urine
Plasma
13. What happens to potassium in the late DCT?
It is secreted
It is reabsorbed
It is neither absorbed nor secreted
It is converted to sodium
14. Which transporter is primarily responsible for sodium reabsorption in the early DCT?
Na+/K+ ATPase
Na-Cl cotransporter
Na+/Ca2+ channel
Sodium-glucose cotransporter
15. What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Hypoventilation leading to increased pCO2
Decreased metabolic production of acids
Increased H+ concentration
Hyperventilation leading to decreased pCO2
16. What happens during hyperkalemia?
Delayed repolarization
Increased cardiac excitability
Cells become hyperpolarized
Muscle weakness
17. Which limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Both B and C
Thick ascending limb
18. What is the primary function of the afferent arterioles?
To bring blood into the glomerulus
To carry blood away from the glomerulus
To filter blood
To regulate urine output
19. What is the role of carbonic acid (H2CO3) in acid-base balance?
It increases the pH by releasing H+
It is not involved in acid-base balance
It buffers excess hydrogen ions
It decreases pH
20. What is the glomerular filtration barrier composed of?
Smooth muscle, connective tissue, endothelium
Podocytes, basement membrane, fenestrated endothelium
Squamous epithelium, connective tissue, pericytes
Macula densa, mesangial cells, vasa recta
21. Which condition is associated with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Excessive vomiting
Excess aldosterone
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diarrhea
22. Which component of the glomerular filtration barrier prevents red blood cells from passing through?
Fenestrated endothelium
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocytes
Filtration slits
23. What happens to pCO2 during metabolic alkalosis?
It increases
It remains constant
It decreases
It fluctuates unpredictably
24. What compensatory response occurs in metabolic acidosis?
Decreased production of acids
Increased bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys
Decreased respiratory rate
Increased ventilation, leading to decreased pCO2
25. Which of the following is secreted into the tubular fluid in the PCT?
Glucose
Sodium
Ammonia
Water
26. What is the effect of epinephrine on renal blood flow?
It has no significant effect
It decreases renal blood flow
It increases renal blood flow
It causes vasodilation
27. Which of the following factors moves potassium into cells?
Insulin
Hyperkalemia
Acidosis
Lack of Aldosterone
28. Which substance is primarily reabsorbed via passive diffusion along with water in the PCT?
Chloride
Urea
Potassium
Glucose
29. Which hormone is not released in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
ADH
ANP
Aldosterone
30. In metabolic alkalosis, which of the following is a common cause?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Excessive vomiting
Lactic acidosis
Renal failure
31. Which of the following correctly describes the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
pH = pKa + log([HA]/[A-])
pH = [HA]/[A-]
pH = pKa + [A-] - [HA]
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
32. In response to a decrease in pH, what renal adjustment occurs?
Increased urine volume
Decreased hydrogen ion secretion
Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption
Increased ammonia production
33. How does sodium primarily enter cells in the PCT?
Sodium-glucose cotransporter
Passive diffusion
Sodium-potassium ATPase
Paracellular transport
34. Which factor contributes to an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Efferent arteriole constriction
Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
Increased oncotic pressure in the blood
Urine obstruction
35. What is the primary driver for the secretion of potassium by principal cells?
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
Insulin
36. What is the effect of the thick ascending limb on tubular fluid volume?
Has little effect on volume
Decreases fluid volume
Increases fluid volume
Maintains fluid volume
37. What is the effect of natriuretic peptides on sodium reabsorption?
Decreases sodium reabsorption
Increases sodium reabsorption
Increases potassium reabsorption
Has no effect on sodium reabsorption
38. In the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle, what is primarily reabsorbed?
Sodium
Urea
Chloride
Water
39. What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule?
10%
2%
5%
15%
40. What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the PCT?
Secrete potassium into the tubular fluid
Reabsorb water
Pump sodium into the interstitium
Facilitate glucose reabsorption
41. What mechanism is activated when systemic blood pressure changes?
Myogenic mechanism
Autoregulation
All of the above
Tubuloglomerular feedback
42. What is the effect of ADH on the collecting duct?
Decreases urea reabsorption
Decreases potassium secretion
Increases sodium reabsorption
Increases water reabsorption
43. What is the primary renal response to respiratory acidosis?
Reabsorb bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions
Increase ventilation
Excrete bicarbonate
Decrease ammonia production
44. How does angiotensin II affect renal blood flow?
It decreases GFR by increasing hydrostatic pressure
It causes vasoconstriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles
It causes vasodilation of the afferent arterioles.
It has no effect on renal blood flow.
45. Which of the following conditions would decrease GFR?
Increased proteins in blood
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
Release of dopamine
Afferent arteriole vasodilation
46. What do osmoreceptors primarily respond to?
Changes in plasma osmolarity
Changes in blood volume
Changes in sodium concentration
Changes in potassium concentration
47. What type of transport occurs in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Active transport via Na+/K+/2A-� cotransporters
Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Passive diffusion
48. What is the role of natriuretic peptides (ANP/BNP) in renal physiology?
Increase blood pressure
Cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
Cause vasodilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles
Increase renin secretion
49. Which mechanism is responsible for the contraction of afferent arterioles in response to high blood pressure?
Sympathetic stimulation
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Myogenic mechanism
Renin-angiotensin system
50. What characterizes respiratory acidosis?
Normal pH, high pCO2
Low pH, high pCO2
Low pH, low pCO2
High pH, high pCO2
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