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Renal Phys Revision
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Last updated: October 31, 2024
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| First submitted | October 29, 2024 |
| Times taken | 18 |
| Average score | 26.0% | Report this quiz | Report |
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1. What primarily drives the movement of fluid across the glomerular filtration barrier?
Active transport
Osmosis
Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
2. How does increased blood protein concentration affect GFR?
Has no effect
Decreases GFR
Fluctuates GFR
Increases GFR
3. Where is bicarbonate primarily reabsorbed in the nephron?
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
4. What is the main buffering system in the urine?
Protein buffering
Bone buffering
Phosphate buffering
Bicarbonate buffering
5. Which of the following conditions can cause respiratory acidosis?
Anxiety
COPD
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
6. What hormone regulates sodium secretion in the collecting ducts?
Renin
ADH
Aldosterone
ANP
7. What occurs during the synthesis of bicarbonate in the distal convoluted tubule?
Bicarbonate is reabsorbed without any synthesis
Only hydrogen ions are excreted
Bicarbonate is secreted directly into the tubular fluid
Carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate
8. What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
80%
50%
25%
67%
9. What characterizes metabolic acidosis?
Low pH, low HCO3-
High pH, high HCO3-
Normal pH, low HCO3-
High pH, normal HCO3-
10. What happens to GFR when there is an obstruction in urine removal?
It fluctuates significantly
It decreases due to decreased hydrostatic pressure
It remains unchanged
It increases due to increased hydrostatic pressure
11. How does the body primarily remove fixed acids?
By the kidneys
By buffering systems
Through respiration
Through sweat
12. What is the term used for the fluid that passes through the glomerular filtration barrier?
Interstitial fluid
Urine
Plasma
Glomerular filtrate
13. What happens to potassium in the late DCT?
It is secreted
It is neither absorbed nor secreted
It is reabsorbed
It is converted to sodium
14. Which transporter is primarily responsible for sodium reabsorption in the early DCT?
Na+/K+ ATPase
Na+/Ca2+ channel
Na-Cl cotransporter
Sodium-glucose cotransporter
15. What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased metabolic production of acids
Increased H+ concentration
Hyperventilation leading to decreased pCO2
Hypoventilation leading to increased pCO2
16. What happens during hyperkalemia?
Increased cardiac excitability
Muscle weakness
Delayed repolarization
Cells become hyperpolarized
17. Which limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
Thick ascending limb
Thin ascending limb
Both B and C
Thin descending limb
18. What is the primary function of the afferent arterioles?
To regulate urine output
To filter blood
To carry blood away from the glomerulus
To bring blood into the glomerulus
19. What is the role of carbonic acid (H2CO3) in acid-base balance?
It increases the pH by releasing H+
It buffers excess hydrogen ions
It is not involved in acid-base balance
It decreases pH
20. What is the glomerular filtration barrier composed of?
Macula densa, mesangial cells, vasa recta
Podocytes, basement membrane, fenestrated endothelium
Squamous epithelium, connective tissue, pericytes
Smooth muscle, connective tissue, endothelium
21. Which condition is associated with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea
Excessive vomiting
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Excess aldosterone
22. Which component of the glomerular filtration barrier prevents red blood cells from passing through?
Podocytes
Filtration slits
Glomerular basement membrane
Fenestrated endothelium
23. What happens to pCO2 during metabolic alkalosis?
It remains constant
It increases
It decreases
It fluctuates unpredictably
24. What compensatory response occurs in metabolic acidosis?
Increased bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys
Decreased respiratory rate
Decreased production of acids
Increased ventilation, leading to decreased pCO2
25. Which of the following is secreted into the tubular fluid in the PCT?
Water
Glucose
Sodium
Ammonia
26. What is the effect of epinephrine on renal blood flow?
It increases renal blood flow
It causes vasodilation
It decreases renal blood flow
It has no significant effect
27. Which of the following factors moves potassium into cells?
Acidosis
Lack of Aldosterone
Hyperkalemia
Insulin
28. Which substance is primarily reabsorbed via passive diffusion along with water in the PCT?
Glucose
Chloride
Potassium
Urea
29. Which hormone is not released in response to low blood pressure?
ANP
Aldosterone
ADH
Renin
30. In metabolic alkalosis, which of the following is a common cause?
Excessive vomiting
Lactic acidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Renal failure
31. Which of the following correctly describes the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
pH = pKa + log([HA]/[A-])
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
pH = [HA]/[A-]
pH = pKa + [A-] - [HA]
32. In response to a decrease in pH, what renal adjustment occurs?
Increased urine volume
Increased ammonia production
Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption
Decreased hydrogen ion secretion
33. How does sodium primarily enter cells in the PCT?
Passive diffusion
Sodium-potassium ATPase
Paracellular transport
Sodium-glucose cotransporter
34. Which factor contributes to an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Efferent arteriole constriction
Urine obstruction
Increased oncotic pressure in the blood
Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction
35. What is the primary driver for the secretion of potassium by principal cells?
Insulin
Aldosterone
ADH
ANP
36. What is the effect of the thick ascending limb on tubular fluid volume?
Maintains fluid volume
Has little effect on volume
Decreases fluid volume
Increases fluid volume
37. What is the effect of natriuretic peptides on sodium reabsorption?
Decreases sodium reabsorption
Increases sodium reabsorption
Has no effect on sodium reabsorption
Increases potassium reabsorption
38. In the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle, what is primarily reabsorbed?
Sodium
Chloride
Water
Urea
39. What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule?
15%
2%
5%
10%
40. What is the primary function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the PCT?
Pump sodium into the interstitium
Facilitate glucose reabsorption
Reabsorb water
Secrete potassium into the tubular fluid
41. What mechanism is activated when systemic blood pressure changes?
All of the above
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Myogenic mechanism
Autoregulation
42. What is the effect of ADH on the collecting duct?
Increases sodium reabsorption
Decreases urea reabsorption
Decreases potassium secretion
Increases water reabsorption
43. What is the primary renal response to respiratory acidosis?
Excrete bicarbonate
Decrease ammonia production
Increase ventilation
Reabsorb bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions
44. How does angiotensin II affect renal blood flow?
It decreases GFR by increasing hydrostatic pressure
It causes vasodilation of the afferent arterioles.
It has no effect on renal blood flow.
It causes vasoconstriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles
45. Which of the following conditions would decrease GFR?
Increased proteins in blood
Afferent arteriole vasodilation
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
Release of dopamine
46. What do osmoreceptors primarily respond to?
Changes in potassium concentration
Changes in plasma osmolarity
Changes in sodium concentration
Changes in blood volume
47. What type of transport occurs in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport via Na+/K+/2A-� cotransporters
Passive diffusion
Simple diffusion
48. What is the role of natriuretic peptides (ANP/BNP) in renal physiology?
Cause vasodilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles
Cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
Increase renin secretion
Increase blood pressure
49. Which mechanism is responsible for the contraction of afferent arterioles in response to high blood pressure?
Sympathetic stimulation
Renin-angiotensin system
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Myogenic mechanism
50. What characterizes respiratory acidosis?
Normal pH, high pCO2
High pH, high pCO2
Low pH, low pCO2
Low pH, high pCO2
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