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Hint
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Answer
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DF5 Where a larger molecule is made into smaller molecules
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Cracking
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Where are the products of cracking separated
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Fractionating column
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What catalyst is used
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Zeolite
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What is the reactor called
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Riser reactor
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What are the hot vaporised hydrocarbons and catalyst forced up by
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Steam
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The mixture in the reactor is a moving ____ ____ where solid particles flow like a liquid
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Fluidised bed
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Carbon from the decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules
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Coke
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The catalyst needs to be ____ when this forms on the catalyst surface
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Regenerated
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After the riser reactor, the mixture passes into a ____
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Separator
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Catalyst goes into regenerator, where the coke is burn off by ____ ____
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Hot air
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Energy released from burning coke heats catalyst, and energy transferred to ____
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Feedstock
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Cracking can occur ____ additional heating
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Without
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An organic compound that has a double or triple bond between carbon atoms
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Unsaturated
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Substance that speeds up reaction but can be recovered chemically unchanged after
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Catalyst
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Process of speeding up chemical reaction using catalyst
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Catalysis
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Catalysts can be changed ____ but not chemically - take some part in the reaction but are regenerated
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Physically
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When reactants and catalysts are in same physical state
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Homogenous catalysis
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Catalyst in reaction between peroxidisulfate (2-) and iodide (I-) = ____ (2+)
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Iron/Fe
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Both ions are ____ charged so the reaction takes a lot of energy
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Negatively
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It first ____ S2O8 to form 2 sulfate (2-) ions and 2 Fe (3+) ions
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Oxidises
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Fe (3+) then ____ by the iodide, forming an I2 molecule
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Reduced
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Reactants and catalyst are in the ____ state
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Aqueous
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When reactants and catalyst are in different physical states
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Heterogeneous
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When solid catalyst used, reaction occurs on ____ of solid
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Surface
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Reactants form bonds with atoms on catalyst surface - ____ onto surface
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Adsorbed
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Bonds in reactant molecules are therefore ____ and break
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Weakened
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New ____ form between the reactants, held close together on catalyst surface
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Bonds
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Weakens bonds to catalyst surface and ____ molecules are released
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Product
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Catalysts need a large ____ ____. Often used in a finely divided form or as a fine mesh
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Surface area
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Sometimes supported on ____ material to increase SA and prevent crumbling
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Porous
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What does this happen in
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Catalytic converters
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Many heterogeneous catalysts are
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Transition metals
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When a catalyst is blocked from being able to function properly
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Poison
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In ____ catalysis, poison molecules adsorbed more strongly than reactants
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Heterogeneous
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Poison molecules block ____ ____ causing the catalyst to become inactive
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Active sites
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This is why ____ petrol can't be used in cars fitted with catalytic converter (lead strongly adsorbed to catalyst)
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Leaded
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Catalytic converters help reduce toxic ____ released into air
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Pollutants
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Convert them into less harmful gases like water vapour or ____ ____
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Carbon dioxide
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Use expensive metals - cheaper ones more vulnerable to poisoning by trace amounts of ____ ____
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Sulfur dioxide
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If feedstock for Haber process contains sulfur compounds, these must be removed to prevent poisoning of ____ catalyst
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Nickel/Ni
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When the surface of a catalyst is cleaned and usable again
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Regeneration
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DF6 Compound with C=C double bond
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Alkene
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General formula
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CnH2n
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Boiling points ____ as number of carbons increases
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Increase
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Single bond
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Sigma
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Two electrons are arranged between the atoms in an area of ____ ____ ____
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Increased electron density
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It's called this because of the overlap of ____ orbitals
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S
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Double bond contains one of these, and one ____ bond
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Pi
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Consists of two areas of ____ ____, one above and one below the line of the atoms
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Negative charge
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The four electrons in the ethene double bond give the region between the carbon atoms a higher than normal ____ of negative charge
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Density
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Positive ions/molecules with partial positive charge are ____ to this region
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Attracted
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These ____ react by accepting a pair of electrons from the C=C double bond
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Electrophiles
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When ethene gas is bubbled through bromine, Br becomes ____
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Decolorised
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Logically deciding movement of electrons using ideas like bond polarity and charges
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Reaction mechanism
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Br molecule becomes ____ as it approaches the alkene
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Polarised
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Electrons in bromine ____ by alkene electrons and pushed back along molecule
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Repelled
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The positive bromine atom can now behave as electrophile. Bonds with alkene to form ____
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Carbocation
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Carbocation is positive and reacts with ____ ion - pair of electrons move from it and bond to positively charged carbon
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Bromide
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Molecule with a positive carbon atom
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Carbocation
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Name of this reaction
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Electrophilic addition
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Can also shake alkene with bromine water. Water molecules act as ____ so compete with bromide ions
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Nucleophiles
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This reaction will produce a ____ - but bromine water still decolorises
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Bromoalcohol
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Ethene also readily reacts at room temperature with a solution of ____ ____
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Hydrogen bromide
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The ____ will react with a carbon first
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Hydrogen
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Addition of water to an alkene
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Hydration
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Occurs at high temperature, high pressure, and in presence of catalyst (____ ____ adsorbed onto solid ____)
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Phosphoric acid silica
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Used in industrial manufacture of
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Ethanol
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In laboratory - ethene converted to ethanol by adding sulfuric acid then ____ with water
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Diluting
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H-O-SO3H reacts with ethene to form
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Ethyl hydrogensulfate
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This reacts with water to form ethanol and ____ acid
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Sulfuric
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Ethene also reacts with hydrogen. Requires ____ to break strong H-H bond
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Catalyst
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If ____ catalyst used, can take place under standard laboratory conditions
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Platinum
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Nickel also works. Must be finely powdered. Temperature ____C and pressure ____atm
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150 5
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Reaction of ethene with hydrogen
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Hydrogenation
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Used to ____ fats and oils
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Saturate
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DF7 A long molecule made up from many small monomers
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Polymer
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Reaction where this occurs with no byproducts
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Addition polymerisation
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When more than one monomer is incorporated into the final polymer
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Copolymerisation
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DF9 Shape of methane
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Tetrahedral
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Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms
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Isomers
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Same molecular formula, atoms bonded together in different order
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Structural isomerism
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Same molecular formula, but the longest hydrocarbon chain is not the same
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Chain isomerism
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Same molecular formula, functional group in a different place
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Position isomerism
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Same molecular formula, different functional group
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Functional group isomerism
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Same molecular formula, same structural formula but differ in how atoms arranged in space
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Stereoisomerism
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Stereoisomers exist because you can't rotate one end of the molecule due to the ____ bond
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Pi
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Average bond ____ to break the bond in ethene is +270kJ/mol
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Enthalpy
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Two highest priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
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E isomer
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Two highest priority groups are on the same side of the double bond
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Z isomer
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Molecule with -OH functional group
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Alcohol
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