Bio Resources: Fishing

A Level Environmental Science revision
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stwvlker
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Last updated: June 1, 2025
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First submittedJune 1, 2025
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Demersal trawling
Large net and chains dragged along the seabed
Demersal trawling method
Chains and metal balls disturb the seabed so fish swim upwards
Demersal longlining
Line of baited hooks along the seabed
Pelagic trawling
Large net dragged behind boat
Drift nets
Vertical curtain-like net supported by floats
Purse seining
Long net with floats and weights
Purse seining method
Laid around shoal and pulled tight
Shellfish traps
Baited traps with funnel entrances
Demersal trawling species (4)
Cod, haddock, scampi, shrimp
Demersal longlining species (2)
Cod, haddock
Pelagic trawling use
Single-species midwater shoals
Pelagic trawling species (3)
Anchovies, herring, mackerel
Pelagic longlining species (2)
Tuna, squid
Drift net species (2)
Tuna, herring
Purse seine species (3)
Tuna, herring, anchovies
Population decline
Mortality exceeds birth rate
k-selected
Orange roughy
k-selected
Common skate
k-selected
Greenland shark
r-selected
Herring
r-selected
Mackerel
Common skate bycatch in
Demersal trawls
Common skate
Extinct in Baltic Sea
Common skate
CR in NE Atlantic
Greenland shark fished for
Lamp and lubricating oil
Greenland shark fishing stopped in...
1960s
Greenland shark bycatch in
Demersal trawls
Bycatch reasons
Non-target
Bycatch reasons
Catch quota reached
Bycatch reasons
Immature
Bycatch reasons
No commercial value
Method with highest bycatch rate
Demersal trawling
Shrimp bycatch (3)
Crustaceans, molluscs, starfish
Pelagic trawling bycatch
Porpoises
Pelagic longline bycatch
Albatross
Drift net bycatch (3)
Cetaceans, sharks, turtles
Albatross eat (2)
Krill, squid
Ghost fishing
Discarded gear continues to bait
Dynamite fishing
Pressure waves from underwater explosions stun fish
Dynamite fishing is...
Extremely unselective
Demersal trawls damage...
Demersal ecosystems
Hint
Answer
Demersal trawls damage...
Benthic organisms
Demersal trawls mix...
Aerobic and anaerobic sediments
Coral reef impacts
Polyps pressed against sharp coralite cup
Coral reef impacts
Slow recovery rate
Seagrass beds found in...
Shallow, sandy, tropical seas
_________ kills _______, ___ no longer ___ ___, ______ move sand, difficult for new plants to ______
Disturbance, seagrass, roots, bind sand, currents, colonise
Catch quotas
Limit on total weight that can be landed
Discard bans aim to...
Encourage selective methods
Diagonal mesh allows...
Greater elasticity
Diagonal mesh increases...
Safety for boats
Escape panel mesh is
Square
Turtle Exclusion Devices
Spring loaded escape panels
Acoustic deterrant devices
Warning high frequencies
Fishing effort restrictions
Boat size
Fishing effort restrictions
Engine power
Fishing effort restrictions
Fishing days
Fishing effort restrictions (extreme)
Compensation for decomissioning
Bans
Demersal trawling near sensitive ecosystems
Bans
Drift net length
NTZs stop...
Extractive activities
NTZs protect
Breeding populations of vulnerable species
Turtle bycatch controls
Reducing trawling time increases survival rate
Turtle survival rate <10mins
99%
Minimum catch size reason
Allows young to grow and breed
Maximum catch size reason
Ensures surviving breeding population
Protected individuals may be...
Known to breed
______ ______ with a _-____ in their tail are ______ ___
Female lobsters, v-notch, carrying eggs
Female lobsters in ________ cannot be ______ if _______ is over ___
Scotland, landed, carapace, 145mm
Captive rearing and release:
Population seeding
Captive rearing and release:
Release of adults raised from eggs or larvae in captivity
Most marine young spend their first few weeks _____ in ______ before ______ in the ______ to ______
Drifting, plankton, settling, seabed, colonise
Planktonic egg and larvae death
Eaten by predators
Planktonic egg and larvae death
Failure to find food
Planktonic egg and larvae death
Accidental deaths
Planktonic egg and larvae death
Storms
Planktonic egg and larvae death
Currents
_____ _______ ___ exceeds rate needed to ______ _________
Natural breeding rate, sustain populations
Surplus above ______ ______ will die as _____ ________ factors increase _______ ____
Carrying capacity, density dependant, mortality rates
Species are vulnerable to overfishing if they...
Reach catchable size before maturity
For example...
Atlantic Cod
For example...
Tuna
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