6. Mining to spec

A Level Environmental Science revision

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Last updated: May 17, 2025

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Hint	Answer
Factors in mine viability	Ore purity
Factors in mine viability	COOG
Factors in mine viability	Chemical form
Factors in mine viability	Overburden
Factors in mine viability	Hydrology
Factors in mine viability	Market economics
Factors in mine viability	Transport costs
Factors in mine viability	Land conflicts
COOG decreases as ______ ____ increases or ___ ___________ become available	Market value, new technologies
Environmental impacts	Land take
Environmental impacts	Habitat loss
Environmental impacts	Amenity loss
Environmental impacts	Dust
Environmental impacts	Noise
Environmental impacts	Turbid drainage water
Environmental impacts	Spoil disposal
Environmental impacts	Site restoration
Minimising habitat loss	Capture and transplant
Minimising habitat loss	Post-mining restoration
Causes of dust (2)	Blasting, heavy vehicles
Dust controls	Water sprays
Noise controls	Embankments
Noise controls	Bafflemounds
Noise controls	Time restrictions
Turbidity reduces	Light penetration
Spoil heap impacts	Aesthetics
Spoil heap impacts	Stability
Spoil heap impacts	Leachate
Stability factors	Waterlogging
Stability factors	Erosion
Leachate (5 words)	Percolating rainwater dissolves toxic metals
Leachate controls	Crushed lime filter
Leachate controls (process) (2)	Neutralises, immobilises
Future exploration techniques	Remote sensing
Future exploration techniques	Portable equipment
Types of remote sensing improvements	Pixels
Types of remote sensing improvements	Multispectral sensors
Mechanisation purposes	Deep mining
Mechanisation purposes	Open cast mining
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Bioleaching
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Phytomining
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Iron displacement
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Leachate collection

Hint	Answer
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Polymer adsorption
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Bacterial adsorption
Future methods to exploit low grade ores	Manganese nodules
Bioleaching: _____ ___________ _______ _____ into a solution	Living organisms dissolve metals
Bioleaching methods (5 words)	Acidophilic bacteria oxidise sulfide ores
Bioleaching methods	Fungi secrete acids
Bioleaching solution separation (2)	Carbon treatment, electrolysis
Phytomining: _____ absorb _____ ___ and ___________ in leaves	Plants, metal ions, concentrate
Phytomining, post-incineration	Dissolved in acid
Phytomining, post-dissolving	Electrolysis
Iron displacement (5 words)	Copper ions displaced and deposited
Leachate collection (4 words)	Percolated rainwater is recirculated
Bacterial adsorption: _________ ___ adsorb onto _______ ___ _______	Dissolved ions, bacterial cell surfaces
Bacterial adsorption separation	Acidic solutions at different pH
Bacterial adsorption can exploit...	Rare metals
How many rare metals?	17
Rare metal difficulties	Hard to find
Rare metal difficulties	Hard to extract
Rare metal difficulties	Toxic waste
Manganese nodules alternative name	Pollymetallic
Manganese nodules formation	Metal precipitates around a core object
Manganese nodules %	30
Why Manganese nodules are unexploitable	Expensive
Why Manganese nodules are unexploitable	Environmental impacts
Why Manganese nodules are unexploitable	Ownership agreements
Manganese nodule environmental impacts	Benthic ecosystems
Manganese nodule environmental impacts	Turbidity
Manganese nodule environmental impacts	Re-deposition kills filter feeders
Mining disaster case study +year	Aberfan 1966
Aberfan cause	Colliery spoil heap
Aberfan cause	Heavy rain landslide
Aberfan deaths	116 children
Aberfan deaths	28 adults
Cheshire	Salt mining subsidence
Cheshire recreational pits formed from...	Coal and china clay mines
Eden Project was a...	China clay mine
Legislation +year	Mineral Workings Act 1951
Dangerous mine example (loc, metal , depth)	South Africa, gold, 3.8km
% UK sustainable dredging	25
How is UK dredging sustainable	Strong currents
Easy aluminium extraction	Bauxite
Difficult aluminium extraction	Clay

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