|
Hint
|
Answer
|
|
Water stress /person
|
1700m3
|
|
Water scarcity /person
|
1000m3
|
|
Freshwater %
|
2.5
|
|
Agricultural use %
|
70
|
|
Industrial use %
|
22
|
|
Reasons for increasing demand
|
Population
|
|
Reasons for increasing demand
|
Affluence
|
|
Reasons for increasing demand
|
Commercial agriculture
|
|
Reasons for increasing demand
|
Industrialisation
|
|
Human alter _____ ___, affecting _________ _________
|
Transfer rates, dynamic equilibrium
|
|
Environmental impacts of reservoirs
|
Habitat change
|
|
Environmental impacts of reservoirs
|
Wildlife barrier
|
|
Environmental impacts of reservoirs
|
River regime
|
|
Environmental impacts of reservoirs
|
Microclimates
|
|
Migratory species require...
|
Free movement to recolonise
|
|
Species that need low river flow for egg laying
|
Turtles
|
|
Species that need high river flow for egg laying (2)
|
Salmon, Trout
|
|
Reservoir microclimate features
|
High heat capacity
|
|
Reservoir microclimate features
|
Low seasonality
|
|
Reservoir microclimate features
|
Evaporation
|
|
Aquifer features
|
Porous
|
|
Aquifer features
|
Permeable
|
|
Aquifer features
|
Surrounding geology
|
|
Porosity
|
Amount of open space
|
|
Permeability
|
Ease of movement
|
|
Impacts of over-abstraction
|
Surface hydrology
|
|
Impacts of over-abstraction
|
Supply
|
|
Impacts of over-abstraction
|
Saltwater incursion
|
|
Impacts of over-abstraction
|
Subsidence
|
|
Impacts of over-abstraction
|
Ecological degradation
|
|
Subsidence is caused by lack of water in...
|
Interstital spaces
|
|
Paleowater can cause...
|
Soil salination
|
|
Paleowater can cause...
|
Osmotic dehydration
|
|
Monitoring aquifer depletion
|
Water table
|
|
Monitoring aquifer depletion
|
Wells
|
|
Monitoring aquifer depletion
|
Boreholes
|
|
Monitoring aquifer depletion
|
NASA GRACE Satellites
|
|
GRACE =
|
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
|
|
GRACE Satellites measure _____ ___, every __ days
|
Water mass, 30
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Artificial recharge
|
|
Sustainable management
|
River regulation reservoirs
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Afforestation
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Metering
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Low water appliances
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Low volume irrigation
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Xeriscaping
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Greywater recycling
|
|
Sustainable management
|
Pollution control
|
|
Exploitation of new sources
|
Rainwater catchment
|
|
Exploitation of new sources
|
New reservoirs
|
|
Exploitation of new sources
|
Estuary barrages
|
|
Exploitation of new sources
|
Unexploited aquifers
|
|
Exploitation of new sources
|
Interbasin transfers
|
|
Low flush toilets use...
|
15% less
|
|
Locations for Xeriscaping
|
Colorado
|
|
Locations for Xeriscaping
|
California
|
|
Estuary barriers
|
Freshwater reservoir created by damming
|
|
Impacts of estuary barriers
|
Intertidal habitats
|
|
Impacts of estuary barriers
|
Shipping obstacle
|
|
Impacts of estuary barriers
|
Pollution
|
|
Unexploited aquifer example
|
North Kenya
|
|
Aral Sea before over-abstraction
|
4th largest inland lake
|
|
Aral Sea after reduction since 1960
|
90%
|
|
Aral Sea depletion causes
|
Soviet Union irrigation schemes
|
|
Aral Sea depletion causes
|
Cotton and rice irrigation
|
|
Aral Sea depletion causes
|
Agricultural and industrial pollution
|
|
Dubai aquifer
|
Arabian
|
|
Water table depletion since 2015
|
60m
|
|
Dubai aquifer depletion impacts
|
Third of all 24000 farms in Abu Dhabi abandones
|
|
Dubai aquifer management strategies
|
Desalination
|
|
Dubai aquifer management strategies
|
Rain making with silver iodide
|
|
Desalination plants in Saudi Arabia
|
30
|
|
North China Plain water table decline
|
1m/year
|
|
North China Plain management
|
Low pressure irrigation
|
|
North China Plain management
|
Low water crops
|
|
North China Plain management
|
Large scale afforestation
|
|
North China Plain management
|
Interbasin transfer
|
|
SNWTP
|
South North Water Transfer Project
|
|
Central + Eastern SNWTP cost $
|
79 billion
|
|
Central + Eastern SNWTP provides water for...
|
20 cities
|
|
Central + Eastern SNWTP provides water for...
|
100 million
|
|
Central + Eastern SNWTP transfers water from
|
Yangtze to Yellow
|
|
Singapore water consumption factors
|
Few natural sources
|
|
Singapore water consumption factors
|
High living standards
|
|
Singapore water consumption factors
|
High per capita consumption
|
|
LPCD reduction 2003-2019
|
24
|
|
Singapore water management
|
Water conservation
|
|
Singapore water management
|
Government campaigns
|
|
Singapore water management
|
Scaled pricing
|
|
Singapore water management
|
Recycling
|
|
Singapore water management
|
NEWater
|
|
Singapore water management
|
Desalination
|
|
Singapore water management
|
Marina Barrage
|
|
Singapore water % from rec + desal each
|
40%
|
