5. Lithosphere (sans mining) to spec

A Level Environmental Science revision

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Last updated: May 17, 2025

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First submitted	May 16, 2025
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Answer

Industrial materials (2)

Clay, limestone

Construction materials (2)

Gravel, sand

Ore minerals

Metals bonded to minerals

Ore

Rock with high concentration of ore minerals

Ore deposit

Area with high concentration of ores

Stock

All ores

Resource

All known ores

Reverse

All currently economically exploitable ores

Inferred

Presence predicted

Probable

Amount estimated

Proven

Sufficient exploitation

Sedimentary rocks

Weathered remains build up and lithify within water

Igneous rocks

Cooling and crystallisation of magma

Metamorphic: ______ or ______ of ____ ______ due to high pressure or temperatures

Recrystallisation, recalibration, mineral assemblages

Hydrothermal deposition: ______ ______ water circulates around a ___ ______ and ______ minerals

Pressurised superheated, magma intrustion, dissolves

Hydrothermal deposition (precipitation)

Order of solubility

Proterozoic materials

Ancient iron oxide

Proterozoic period

1.8-2.5 billion years ago

Physical sediments

Alluvial deposits

Physical sediments

Evaporites

Physical sediments

Secondary enrichment

Secondary enrichment: ________ leaches metals from _____ rocks. _____ materials are ________ as _____ state changes

Groundwater, surface, insoluble, precipitated, oxygen

Biological sediments

Carbonate rocks

Biological sediments

Fossil fuels

Coal

Terrestrial vegetation

Oil and Gas

Marine organisms

Lasky's Principle: As _______ _____ decreases, quantity of _______ increases ____________

Mineral purity, deposits, exponentially