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1. The Atmosphere to spec

A Level Environmental Science revision 15/05
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stwvlker
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Last updated: May 17, 2025
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First submittedMay 15, 2025
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Hint
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Roles of UV and IR
Insolation
Roles of UV and IR
Emissions
Roles of UV and IR
Thermal stratification
Roles of UV and IR
Chemical processes
Define solar radiation
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun
0-15km atmosphere
Troposphere
15-50km atmosphere
Stratosphere
50-80km atmosphere
Mesosphere
80-700km atmosphere
Thermosphere
700-10,000km atmosphere
Exosphere
Troposphere heating
GHGs absorb emitted longlength infrared
Stratosphere heating
Ozone absorbs incoming solar radiation
Mesosphere heating
Fewer particles to absorb UV
Natural greenhouse effect
Visible light is re-emitted as longlength infrared, warming the troposphere
Enhanced greenhouse effect
Anthropogenic sources of GHGs increase speed and intensity
CO2 mean residence
Variable
CH4 mean residence
12
NOx mean residence
114
CFCs mean residence
45
TO mean residence
Weeks - months
CO2 relative effects
1
CH4 relative effects
25
NOx relative effects
160
CFCs relative effects
25000
TO relative effects
2000
Effects of climate change
Oceans
Effects of climate change
Cryosphere
Effects of climate change
Climate
Effects of climate change
Ecological
Effects of climate change
Humans
Oceanic effects
Thermohaline circulation
Oceanic effects
Sea level rise
Oceanic effects
Thermal expansion
Oceanic effects
Ice melting
Oceanic effects
El Niño patterns
Cryospheric effects
Snow cover
Cryospheric effects
Glacier movement
Cryospheric effects
Sea ice thickness and area
Cryospheric effects
Albedo
Climatic effects
Precipitation
Climatic effects
Winds
North Atlantic Conveyor process
PWD friction and NE downwelling moves warm water from the tropical Atlantic to NW Europe
Location and year of cold patch
Gulf stream, 2014
Rossby wave causes
Reduced temperature differences between polar and ferrel cells
Solomon Island sea levels
5 reef islands lost
Marshall Island sea levels
Third population migration
Bangladesh sea levels
80% population exposed to flood risk
Millenium drought years
1996-2009
Rice yields fell to...
2% of pre-drought levels
Sheep fell by... + year
7 million 2002-2003
Arctic temperature rise since 1970s
2.5
Arctic sea ice declined +year
40% 1978
Arctic shipping route
North West Passage
Greenland could raise sea levels
7m
Alaska case study location
Kivalina
Kivalina evacuation +year
Half in 2007 due to storm surges
Kivalina relocation cost $
400 million
Kivalina sea wall $
16 million
Hint
Answer
Ecological impacts
Survival and adaptations
Ecological impacts
Distribution
Ecological impacts
Fragmentation
Ecological indicators
Insects
Mosquito changes
Shortened dormancy period
Caterpillar changes caused...
Earlier European Great Tit egg laying season
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Interconnected natural systems
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Time scales
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Spatial scales
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Natural fluctuations
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Time delay between cause and effect
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Historic data
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
Proxy data
Proxy data
Dendrochronology
Proxy data
Coral growth rings
Proxy data
Pollen analysis carbon data
Proxy data
Ice cores
Ice core data
Air bubbles
Ice core data
Pollen
Ice core data
Radioisotopes
Satellite + height
Low Earth Orbit 800km
Satellite + height
Geostationary 36000km
Ocean sensors
Argo floats
Computer models: Allow __________ and __________ to be estimated with _______ _______, _______ by past and predicted _______
Interconnections, consequences, interlinking equations, calibrated, outcomes
Antarctic + Greenland cores
40 cores
Antarctic + Greenland core age
800000 years
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
Population
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
Industry
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
Pollution
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
Trade winds
China emissions + year
32%, 2021
Largest per capita emissions 2023
Qatar
Example strategy
UN Sustainable Development Goals
Example strategy +year
Paris Agreement, 2015
Climate change controls
GHG controls
Climate change controls
Carbon sequestration
Climate change controls
Carbon Capture Storage
Climate change controls
Geoengineering
Climate change adaptations
Flood management
Climate change adaptations
Coastal management
Climate change adaptations
Urban drainage
Climate change adaptations
Managed retreat
Geoengineering example
White roofs
Geoengineering example
Orbitting solar shades
Sweden acid rain years
1980s-1990s
UK % of Sweden's acid rain
75-90
Tipping point
Critical threshold where change becomes irreversible
Negative feedback loop
Low level clouds
Negative feedback loop
Photosynthesis
Positive feedback loop
Soil decomposition
Positive feedback loop
Melting ice
Positive feedback loop
Melting permafrost
Positive feedback loop
Melting methane hydrate
Positive feedback loop
Forest and peat fires
Positive feedback loop
Cirrus clouds
Indonesian peat fire exceeded... +year
Carbon emissions of the UK 2015
_______ _______ correlates with cirrus clouds above ___ in ____
Increased emissions, SLC, 1965
Methane hydrate formation (13 words)
Methane gas from dead organic matter freezes at high pressures and low temperatures
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