|
Hint
|
|
Answer
|
|
Roles of UV and IR
|
|
Insolation
|
|
Roles of UV and IR
|
|
Emissions
|
|
Roles of UV and IR
|
|
Thermal stratification
|
|
Roles of UV and IR
|
|
Chemical processes
|
|
Define solar radiation
|
|
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun
|
|
0-15km atmosphere
|
|
Troposphere
|
|
15-50km atmosphere
|
|
Stratosphere
|
|
50-80km atmosphere
|
|
Mesosphere
|
|
80-700km atmosphere
|
|
Thermosphere
|
|
700-10,000km atmosphere
|
|
Exosphere
|
|
Troposphere heating
|
|
GHGs absorb emitted longlength infrared
|
|
Stratosphere heating
|
|
Ozone absorbs incoming solar radiation
|
|
Mesosphere heating
|
|
Fewer particles to absorb UV
|
|
Natural greenhouse effect
|
|
Visible light is re-emitted as longlength infrared, warming the troposphere
|
|
Enhanced greenhouse effect
|
|
Anthropogenic sources of GHGs increase speed and intensity
|
|
CO2 mean residence
|
|
Variable
|
|
CH4 mean residence
|
|
12
|
|
NOx mean residence
|
|
114
|
|
CFCs mean residence
|
|
45
|
|
TO mean residence
|
|
Weeks - months
|
|
CO2 relative effects
|
|
1
|
|
CH4 relative effects
|
|
25
|
|
NOx relative effects
|
|
160
|
|
CFCs relative effects
|
|
25000
|
|
TO relative effects
|
|
2000
|
|
Effects of climate change
|
|
Oceans
|
|
Effects of climate change
|
|
Cryosphere
|
|
Effects of climate change
|
|
Climate
|
|
Effects of climate change
|
|
Ecological
|
|
Effects of climate change
|
|
Humans
|
|
Oceanic effects
|
|
Thermohaline circulation
|
|
Oceanic effects
|
|
Sea level rise
|
|
Oceanic effects
|
|
Thermal expansion
|
|
Oceanic effects
|
|
Ice melting
|
|
Oceanic effects
|
|
El Niño patterns
|
|
Cryospheric effects
|
|
Snow cover
|
|
Cryospheric effects
|
|
Glacier movement
|
|
Cryospheric effects
|
|
Sea ice thickness and area
|
|
Cryospheric effects
|
|
Albedo
|
|
Climatic effects
|
|
Precipitation
|
|
Climatic effects
|
|
Winds
|
|
North Atlantic Conveyor process
|
|
PWD friction and NE downwelling moves warm water from the tropical Atlantic to NW Europe
|
|
Location and year of cold patch
|
|
Gulf stream, 2014
|
|
Rossby wave causes
|
|
Reduced temperature differences between polar and ferrel cells
|
|
Solomon Island sea levels
|
|
5 reef islands lost
|
|
Marshall Island sea levels
|
|
Third population migration
|
|
Bangladesh sea levels
|
|
80% population exposed to flood risk
|
|
Millenium drought years
|
|
1996-2009
|
|
Rice yields fell to...
|
|
2% of pre-drought levels
|
|
Sheep fell by... + year
|
|
7 million 2002-2003
|
|
Arctic temperature rise since 1970s
|
|
2.5
|
|
Arctic sea ice declined +year
|
|
40% 1978
|
|
Arctic shipping route
|
|
North West Passage
|
|
Greenland could raise sea levels
|
|
7m
|
|
Alaska case study location
|
|
Kivalina
|
|
Kivalina evacuation +year
|
|
Half in 2007 due to storm surges
|
|
Kivalina relocation cost $
|
|
400 million
|
|
Kivalina sea wall $
|
|
16 million
|
|
Ecological impacts
|
|
Survival and adaptations
|
|
Ecological impacts
|
|
Distribution
|
|
Ecological impacts
|
|
Fragmentation
|
|
Ecological indicators
|
|
Insects
|
|
Mosquito changes
|
|
Shortened dormancy period
|
|
Caterpillar changes caused...
|
|
Earlier European Great Tit egg laying season
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Interconnected natural systems
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Time scales
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Spatial scales
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Natural fluctuations
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Time delay between cause and effect
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Historic data
|
|
Monitoring/Predicting difficulties
|
|
Proxy data
|
|
Proxy data
|
|
Dendrochronology
|
|
Proxy data
|
|
Coral growth rings
|
|
Proxy data
|
|
Pollen analysis carbon data
|
|
Proxy data
|
|
Ice cores
|
|
Ice core data
|
|
Air bubbles
|
|
Ice core data
|
|
Pollen
|
|
Ice core data
|
|
Radioisotopes
|
|
Satellite + height
|
|
Low Earth Orbit 800km
|
|
Satellite + height
|
|
Geostationary 36000km
|
|
Ocean sensors
|
|
Argo floats
|
|
Computer models: Allow __________ and __________ to be estimated with _______ _______, _______ by past and predicted _______
|
|
Interconnections, consequences, interlinking equations, calibrated, outcomes
|
|
Antarctic + Greenland cores
|
|
40 cores
|
|
Antarctic + Greenland core age
|
|
800000 years
|
|
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
|
|
Population
|
|
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
|
|
Industry
|
|
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
|
|
Pollution
|
|
Why is carbon footprint higher in the northern hemisphere?
|
|
Trade winds
|
|
China emissions + year
|
|
32%, 2021
|
|
Largest per capita emissions 2023
|
|
Qatar
|
|
Example strategy
|
|
UN Sustainable Development Goals
|
|
Example strategy +year
|
|
Paris Agreement, 2015
|
|
Climate change controls
|
|
Climate change controls
|
|
Carbon sequestration
|
|
Climate change controls
|
|
Carbon Capture Storage
|
|
Climate change controls
|
|
Geoengineering
|
|
Climate change adaptations
|
|
Flood management
|
|
Climate change adaptations
|
|
Coastal management
|
|
Climate change adaptations
|
|
Urban drainage
|
|
Climate change adaptations
|
|
Managed retreat
|
|
Geoengineering example
|
|
White roofs
|
|
Geoengineering example
|
|
Orbitting solar shades
|
|
Sweden acid rain years
|
|
1980s-1990s
|
|
UK % of Sweden's acid rain
|
|
75-90
|
|
Tipping point
|
|
Critical threshold where change becomes irreversible
|
|
Negative feedback loop
|
|
Low level clouds
|
|
Negative feedback loop
|
|
Photosynthesis
|
|
Positive feedback loop
|
|
Soil decomposition
|
|
Positive feedback loop
|
|
Melting ice
|
|
Positive feedback loop
|
|
Melting permafrost
|
|
Positive feedback loop
|
|
Melting methane hydrate
|
|
Positive feedback loop
|
|
Forest and peat fires
|
|
Positive feedback loop
|
|
Cirrus clouds
|
|
Indonesian peat fire exceeded... +year
|
|
Carbon emissions of the UK 2015
|
|
_______ _______ correlates with cirrus clouds above ___ in ____
|
|
Increased emissions, SLC, 1965
|
|
Methane hydrate formation (13 words)
|
|
Methane gas from dead organic matter freezes at high pressures and low temperatures
|
