Criminology: Responding to Crime authors

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Last updated: January 24, 2024

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Role of the Police
Functions of the police: -Crime reduction -Peace keeping -Public reassurance	Bowling et al. (2019)
'Something happening that ought not to be'	Bittner (1974)
Police power disproportionately deployed against black people	Bowling and Philips (2002)
Cop culture factors: -Suspiciousness -Solidarity -Conservativism	Skolnick (1996)
Policing took a preventative turn in the 70's	Crawford and Evans (2017)
-£2 billion turnover in 2003 -356k private security employed 2015 -Civillians = 1/3 of police force -16,000 PCSOs	Newburn and Reiner (2016)
Public Perceptions
Fairness is most important factor in gaging attitudes of legitimacy	Tyler (2006)
Fear of Crime paradox	Ferraro (1995)
Fear of crime is a moral panic Supplemented by tabloids and media	Cohen (1972)
Met police report	Casey (2023)
BCS said crime down 50% since 1995, yet 2/3 believed crime was rising	Flately et al (2010)
Property crime down 59% Violent crime down 51% People believed only 1/2 of rapists in jail as opposed to 97% 1/2 of people knew nothing about CPS Western nations unaware of apparent decline	Hough and Roberts (2017)

Drugs
Citizens have defective knowledge of CJS	Van de Welle (2009)
Better knowledge can actually lead to less confidence in CJS	Sun and Wu (2006)
Hard to measure impact on attitudes	Van de Welle (2006)
Discretionary and non-discretionary contacts	Thomas (1982)
Politicians tough on crime stance despite reduction	Roberts et al (2003)
Prison acts as university of crime Avoid criminalisation of possession Don't criminalise the vulnerable	Bacon (2023)
45% acquisitive offences committed by heroine addicts	Mills et al (2013)
Situational Crime Prevention	Clarke (1997)
322 (7%) intersections in Jersey City had drug traffic on them	Weisburd and Green (1994)
Drug use in 19% abandoned buildings in Austin	Spelman (1993)
60% arrestees at Kings Cross were black	Lee (1996)
4 characteristics for drug hotspots: Surveillance Management Customers Facilitators	Jacobson (1999)
'Ongoing public health crisis'	Kimber (2019)
Over 1/3 adults taken drugs	Home Office (2019)
Black people searched for drugs 9x more than white people Illicit drug market worth £9.4 billion	Black (2020)
4859 deaths from drug poisoning 2022	ONS (2022)

Multi-Agency Partnerships
-Policing is a constellation of inter-agency partnerships -Operation Yewtree 2012 successfully exposed celebrity predators -Become national trauma -Leeds safeguarding children program was successful -Austerity is big challenge	Crawford and L'Hoiry (2017)
Banter helps with stressful situations	Charman (2013)
Genuine need for inter-agency cooperation for children in need	Butler Sloss (1988)
5 men abused young girls in Rotherham= 1400 in 16 years	Jay (2014)
'Unquestionable wickedness' of child sex offenders Wicked problems have innumerable causes	Rittel and Webber (1973)
Slough Violence MAP: -650 actions (potency questions) -met 300 times -70% thought would reduce violence -80% agreed generated 'sensible activity'	Higgins (2016)
Partnerships are better than individual agencies	Rosenbaum (2002)