Criminology: Responding to Crime authors

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Last updated: January 24, 2024

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Role of the Police

Functions of the police: -Crime reduction -Peace keeping -Public reassurance

Bowling et al. (2019)

'Something happening that ought not to be'

Bittner (1974)

Police power disproportionately deployed against black people

Bowling and Philips (2002)

Cop culture factors: -Suspiciousness -Solidarity -Conservativism

Skolnick (1996)

Policing took a preventative turn in the 70's

Crawford and Evans (2017)

-£2 billion turnover in 2003 -356k private security employed 2015 -Civillians = 1/3 of police force -16,000 PCSOs

Newburn and Reiner (2016)

Public Perceptions

Fairness is most important factor in gaging attitudes of legitimacy

Tyler (2006)

Fear of Crime paradox

Ferraro (1995)

Fear of crime is a moral panic Supplemented by tabloids and media

Cohen (1972)

Met police report

Casey (2023)

BCS said crime down 50% since 1995, yet 2/3 believed crime was rising

Flately et al (2010)

Property crime down 59% Violent crime down 51% People believed only 1/2 of rapists in jail as opposed to 97% 1/2 of people knew nothing about CPS Western nations unaware of apparent decline

Hough and Roberts (2017)

Drugs

Citizens have defective knowledge of CJS

Van de Welle (2009)

Better knowledge can actually lead to less confidence in CJS

Sun and Wu (2006)

Hard to measure impact on attitudes

Van de Welle (2006)

Discretionary and non-discretionary contacts

Thomas (1982)

Politicians tough on crime stance despite reduction

Roberts et al (2003)

Prison acts as university of crime Avoid criminalisation of possession Don't criminalise the vulnerable

Bacon (2023)

45% acquisitive offences committed by heroine addicts

Mills et al (2013)

Situational Crime Prevention

Clarke (1997)

322 (7%) intersections in Jersey City had drug traffic on them

Weisburd and Green (1994)

Drug use in 19% abandoned buildings in Austin

Spelman (1993)

60% arrestees at Kings Cross were black

Lee (1996)

4 characteristics for drug hotspots: Surveillance Management Customers Facilitators

Jacobson (1999)

'Ongoing public health crisis'

Kimber (2019)

Over 1/3 adults taken drugs

Home Office (2019)

Black people searched for drugs 9x more than white people Illicit drug market worth £9.4 billion

Black (2020)

4859 deaths from drug poisoning 2022

ONS (2022)

Multi-Agency Partnerships

-Policing is a constellation of inter-agency partnerships -Operation Yewtree 2012 successfully exposed celebrity predators -Become national trauma -Leeds safeguarding children program was successful -Austerity is big challenge

Crawford and L'Hoiry (2017)

Banter helps with stressful situations

Charman (2013)

Genuine need for inter-agency cooperation for children in need

Butler Sloss (1988)

5 men abused young girls in Rotherham= 1400 in 16 years

Jay (2014)

'Unquestionable wickedness' of child sex offenders Wicked problems have innumerable causes

Rittel and Webber (1973)

Slough Violence MAP: -650 actions (potency questions) -met 300 times -70% thought would reduce violence -80% agreed generated 'sensible activity'

Higgins (2016)

Partnerships are better than individual agencies