AQA Combined Science: Chemistry Paper 2

To find the rates of a chemical reaction: Find how quickly the ______ are used up

How quickly the ______ are made

Reactions can only take place when the particles of reactants _____

They also need to collide with enough _____ to cause a reaction to take place

This is ______ theory

The minimum amount of energy that particles must have before they can react

Reactions are more likely to happen between two particles if you: Increase the _____ of collisions

Or increase the _____ that they have when they collide

You can do this by increasing the ______

An increased proportion of particles exceeding the activation energy has a _______ effect on the rate of reaction than the increased frequency of collisions

RPA: Concentrations and rates of _____

Draw a ____ to find the rates of reaction at any point

A ______ is a substance that changes the rate of a reaction

They provide an alternative _______ _______

Catalysts mean that you may not have to heat the furnace to as high _____/pressures

Operating at lower temperatures and pressures conserves energy and resources. This helps to combat ______ ______

Catalysts do not get ____ __ in a reaction

A reaction where the products can be reacted to make the original reactants

When forward and backward reactions happen at the same rate in a closed system

The principal that when conditions are changed in an equilibrium, the position of equilibrium will shift to counteract the change

An increase in pressure will ______ the amount of molecules of gas

An increase in temperature will shift in the _______ direction

C9: Crude oil is a mixture of _______

Hydrocarbons are compounds containing _____ and _____

Different substances with similar boiling points are separated into _____

In a lab they can be separated by ______. Industrially they are separated by fractional ______

Most hydrocarbons in crude oil are ______

They are ______ meaning that all carbon-carbon bonds are single _____ bonds

Formula alkanes

As the chain length of a hydrocarbon increases, the boiling point _______

They become more ______ (thick)

Less _______

And have a lower ______ (the tendency to turn into a gas)

Short chain hydrocarbons form at the _____ of the fractional column

Products of complete combustion, C_, W_

Incomplete combustion produces ____ ____

The process of breaking down longer chain hydrocarbons into more useful, smaller ones.

A heavy fraction is ________

This is then passed over a hot _______, or mixed with steam and heated to a very high ______

The hydrocarbons are cracked as thermal ________ reaction

Alkenes are _________

A positive test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon is that bromine water goes from orange to ______

C10: A substance made up of one compound or element is ____

The melting and boiling points of an element or compound are called its ____ points

A mixture designed to produce a useful product

RPA: ________

Distance moved by substance/Distance moved by solvent

Test for Hydrogen: Lit splint. Result: ____

Test for Oxygen: Glowing splint Result: ____

Test for Carbon Dioxide: Limewater Result:

Test for Chlorine gas: Damp blue litmus paper Result: ________

C11 The Earth's atmosphere: _______ released CO2, N2 and H2O(g) into the atmosphere

The early atmosphere was mainly ____

There would have been traces of _____(CH4) and _____(NH3)

The Earth cooled so water vapour condensed to form ____ in hollows in the crust

(3.4b ya) The first simple organisms similar to _____ formed which broke down chemicals as a source of energy.

(2.7b ya) Bacteria and algae evolved. Algae photosynthesised to produce food and ______ as a waste product

Over time, more and more plants evolved and removed ___ and produced O2

Todays atmosphere has 78% N2, 21% O2 and _.___% CO2, 0.9% Argon

Carbon taken in from photosynthesis ends up in new _____ material

When animals eat these plants, the carbon can be transferred to animal _____, including skeletons and shells

Skeletons and shells build up at the bottom of oceans, and they got covered up by a fine layer of _____

Under the _____, the deposits formed sedimentary carbonates

Under heat in the Earth's crust and pressure, after millions of years, they formed _____ ____

Coal is classed as a ______ rock, and comes from thick deposits of plant material such ancient trees and ferns. They died in swamps and were in the absence of _____

Crude oil and natural gas are formed from ______

Carbon dioxide also dissolved in the _____

Volcanoes also produce _____

Any Ammonia and methane reacted with oxygen to form _____ _____ and nitrogen / Carbon dioxide

Greenhouse gases allow _____ wavelength radiation (UV) from the Sun into the atmosphere,

But absorb ____ wavelength radiation emitted from the Earth (Infrared)

Methane gets into the atmosphere from swamps and ____ fields, as well as from cattle.

Methane gas is also released from melting _______ in the taiga (geo p3) due increasing temperature

Forests, and oceans are examples of carbon ____

As the temperature of oceans increases, Carbon dioxide gets less ____ in water

Consequences, rising ___ ___

More _____ (common) and _____ weather events

Growing _____ is more difficult because of increasing unpredictability of weather

Changes to distribution of wildlife _____

The total amount of Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over a products life cycle

_____ in fuel reacts with oxygen in combustion to form ______ dioxide

This acidic gas is toxic and is a cause of ____ ___

High temperatures in the engine can allow usually unreactive ____ from the air to react with oxygen

This reaction makes _____ oxides which also causes acid rain

They can also trigger peoples _____

Diesel engines which burn larger hydrocarbons which do not always burn completely. Tiny particles containing carbon and unburnt _____ are produced

These are called ______

They cause _____ ______ by reflecting sunlight back into space

Resources that are being used up faster than they can be replaced

The opposite of the above

Water that is safe to drink

This water contains ______

From freshwater reservoir: ______ where water is passed through a screen to remove sticks and large objects

Settlement tank - sand and soil settle out. After this, Aluminium sulfate and lime are added. Small particles of ____ clump together and sink to the bottom

______: Water is passed through a special filter made of sand and gravel removing mud or grit

CL2(_____), O3(_____), or __ is added

In hotter countries, you may use ______ plants where it is effectively distillation

You can also use reverse _____, which is very _____

Treating sewage: ______: Where large solids and grit is removed

Primary treatment: In a circular tank, solids separate out from the mixture. Large paddles rotate and push the _____ towards the centre of the tank

The next uses ______ to feed on any remaining organic matter.

Then the tank is aerated by bubbling __ into the waste water

Bacteria settle out to the bottom of the tank as a sediment. It is then ______

The sludge from before is digested ________ by microorganisms

Extracting copper: Add ____ acid and then electrolysis.

Other method is _____ (roasting) where the ore is heated to very high temperatures to produce impure copper

Copper ore containing copper carbonate

Bioleaching uses

Phytomining uses

Phytomining: Plants that can absorb copper ions are grown on soil containing ___-_____ _____ ore

The plants are burnt and the copper ions can be leached from the ash by reacting with ______ acid

_______ by scrap iron and electrolysis make pure copper metal

Bioleaching: Bacteria feed on the ore and by a combination of biological and chemical processes, a ______ is obtained. Once again use iron and electrolysis

Life cycle assessment is used to assess the impact on the ___________ over it's life span

5 stages of a life cycle (first to last): ____ ______ extraction

 

____/Maintenance

Recycle / _____ management