|
Hint
|
|
Answer
|
|
Microscope that uses light and lenses to magnify an image
|
|
Light
|
|
Microscope that uses electrons to form an image in much higher magnification and resolution
|
|
Electron
|
|
RP ONION EPIDERMIS: ___ goes in the middle of a clean slide
|
|
Water
|
|
___ are used to peel off some epidermal tissue from the onion
|
|
Tweezers
|
|
___stain is added to the tissue
|
|
Iodine
|
|
A ___ ___ is used to lever the cover slip onto the specimen and avoid air bubbles
|
|
Mounted needle
|
|
The slide is clipped onto the ___
|
|
Stage
|
|
The objective lens with the ___ magnification is selected initially
|
|
Lowest
|
|
You look through the ___
|
|
Eyepiece
|
|
The ___ ___ ___ is used to roughly focus the image
|
|
Coarse focussing wheel
|
|
The ___ ___ ___ is used to increase clarity of the image
|
|
Fine focussing wheel
|
|
Cells that make up all animals and plants
|
|
Eukaryotic
|
|
Subcellular structure that contains genetic material that controls cell activities
|
|
Nucleus
|
|
Subcellular structure that contains enzymes to control reactions, and is where most of the cell's chemical reactions occur
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
Subcellular structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell
|
|
Cell membrane
|
|
Subcellular structure that is where most reactions for aerobic respiration occur
|
|
Mitochondria
|
|
Subcellular structure that is where protein synthesis occurs
|
|
Ribosome
|
|
Subcellular structure that in plants provides rigidity and shape
|
|
Cell wall
|
|
Made of ___
|
|
Cellulose
|
|
Subcellular structure that stores cell sap - a weak solution of salts and sugars
|
|
Permanent vacuole
|
|
Subcellular structure that is where photosynthesis occurs
|
|
Chloroplast
|
|
These contain ___ to absorb light
|
|
Chlorophyll
|
|
___cells make up a single-celled organism
|
|
Prokaryotic
|
|
Single strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm
|
|
Nucleoid
|
|
Bacterium's cell wall is made of ___
|
|
Peptidoglycan
|
|
Small rings of DNA
|
|
Plasmids
|
|
The process by which a cell changes in order to become specialised at its job
|
|
Differentiation
|
|
Sperm cells have a ___ to help swim to ovum
|
|
Tail
|
|
They also have a ___ ___
|
|
Streamlined head
|
|
They have a lot of mitochondria to provide ___ needed
|
|
Energy
|
|
They have ___ in the head to digest the egg cell membrane
|
|
Enzymes
|
|
Nerve cells have a long ___ to increase speed of electrical impulses
|
|
Axon
|
|
Fatty ___ ___ to insulate electrical impulses
|
|
Myelin sheath
|
|
They have many ___ to form connections with other nerve cells
|
|
Dendrites
|
|
Muscle cells are ___ to have space to contract and have many mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
|
|
Long
|
|
Xylem cells are ___ and form long, hollow tubes which allow water and minerals to move easily through the plant
|
|
Dead
|
|
Spirals of ___ around them (a strong waterproof substance that supports the cell
|
|
Lignin
|
|
___ cells transport dissolved food through plants
|
|
Phloem
|
|
The transport of dissolved sugars around a plant in the (above)
|
|
Translocation
|
|
They have a ___ ___ next to them which provides energy to move food through phloem
|
|
Companion cell
|
|
They have ___ ___ with holes allowing food to move from one cell to the next
|
|
Sieve plates
|
|
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
|
|
Diffusion
|
|
Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration.
|
|
Osmosis
|
|
Osmosis RP: Peel the potato and then use a ___ ___ to produce 3 cylinders of potato. Using this makes all of them the same diameter
|
|
Cork borer
|
|
Use a ___ to trim the cylinders to the same length
|
|
Scalpel
|
|
Measure the mass of each cylinder using a ___
|
|
Balance
|
|
Place each cylinder into a test tube. The first cylinder should have just 10 cm^3 water, and the other two should have 0.5mol and 0.25mol ___ solution.
|
|
Sugar
|
|
Leave overnight to allow osmosis to take place, and then remove the cylinders and roll them on paper towels to remove surface ___
|
|
Moisture
|
|
Measure the new mass using a balance and calculate ___
|
|
Change
|
|
When water moves into a plant cell and causes vacuole to swell, pressing cytoplasm against cell wall and building pressure
|
|
Turgor
|
|
Plants need fluid surrounding cells to be ___ to the cytoplasm
|
|
Hypertonic
|
|
If not, water leaves the cells by osmosis and makes them ___ and the plant wilts
|
|
Flaccid
|
|
If even more water is lost, vacuole and cytoplasm shrink, and eventually cell membrane pulls away from cell. This is ___
|
|
Plasmolysis
|
|
Particles move up a concentration gradient.
|
|
Active transport
|
|
This happens in root hair cells when absorbing ___ ___
|
|
Mineral ions
|
|
It also happens in the gut when ___ and nutrients enter the bloodstream
|
|
Glucose
|
|
___ ___ have a thin membrane for short diffusion distance, large surface area and, in animals, good blood supply to get substances in and out of blood fast
|
|
Exchange surfaces
|
|
Gas exchange surfaces in animals are often ___ (air moves in and out)
|
|
Ventilated
|
|
___ in the lungs have walls one cell thick, a moist lining for dissolving gases, an excellent blood supply and a large surface area
|
|
Alveoli
|
|
___ project from the small intestine to increase SA so digested food is absorbed more quickly into blood. Single layer of surface cells, very good blood supply
|
|
Villi
|
|
___ ___ diffuses into air spaces within leaf
|
|
Carbon dioxide
|
|
The ___ of the leaf is an exchange surface, covered in stomata which (above) diffuses in through and oxygen and water diffuse out of
|
|
Underside
|
|
The size of these is controlled by ___ ___
|
|
Guard cells
|
|
These close the stomata if the plant is losing water too quickly by going ___
|
|
Flaccid
|
|
They open when the plant has lots of water because the cells press against one another in ___and create a space
|
|
Turgor
|
|
The evaporation and movement of water away from the plant's leaves from the inside of the plant
|
|
Transpiration
|
|
The ___ shape of a leaf increases exchange area
|
|
Flattened
|
|
___ are the exchange surface in fish
|
|
Gills
|
|
___ containing oxygen enters the fish through the mouth and passes out through the (above)
|
|
Water
|
|
Each exchange surface is made up of ___ ___ which provide a large SA.
|
|
Gill filaments
|
|
These are covered in ___ increasing the SA even more
|
|
Lamellae
|
|
There are many ___ to speed up diffusion and a thin layer of surface cells to minimise diffusion distance
|
|
Capillaries
|
|
Blood flows through in one direction, water in the other. This maintains a large ___ ___ between the water and the blood
|
|
Concentration gradient
|
|
Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that carry large numbers of genes
|
|
Chromosomes
|
|
Used to grow, repair or replace damaged cells
|
|
Mitosis
|
|
The cell spends most of its life in the ___
|
|
Interphase
|
|
The DNA is spread out in long strings and the cell is increasing its number of ___ ___.
|
|
Subcellular structures
|
|
The DNA is ___ and forms X-shaped chromosomes - each "arm" of the chromosome is genetically identical
|
|
Duplicated
|
|
DNA in the chromosomes and their copies condense to become more visible. Membrane around nucleus disappears
|
|
Prophase
|
|
Chromosomes line up at centre of cell, spindle fibres attach
|
|
Metaphase
|
|
Fibres pull chromosomes and copies to opposite ends of cells.
|
|
Anaphase
|
|
New membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes (nucleus divided)
|
|
Telophase
|
|
Cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
|
___ ___ are undifferentiated and can divide to produce more undifferentiated cells or differentiate into different cells depending on given instructions
|
|
Stem cells
|
|
They are found in early ___ ___ and these can differentiate into any cell. Adult stem cells can't do this
|
|
Human embryos
|
|
Could be used to make working ___ ___ for those paralysed with spinal injuries
|
|
Nerve cells
|
|
Or to make ___ producing cells for diabetics
|
|
Insulin
|
|
In ___ ___ the embryo is engineered to contain the same genetic information as the patient to prevent the cells being rejected
|
|
Therapeutic cloning
|
|
ISSUES - Might be ___ and make the patient sicker
|
|
Contaminated
|
|
The ___ are seen as a potential human life
|
|
Embryos
|
|
Similar cells are organised into these
|
|
Tissues
|
|
These organise themselves into ___
|
|
Organs
|
|
A group of those forms an ___ ___ where multiple (above) work together to perform a particular function
|
|
Organ system
|
|
In the stomach, there are three types of tissue. ___ tissue moves the stomach to churn food
|
|
Muscular
|
|
___ tissue makes and secretes enzymes
|
|
Glandular
|
|
___ tissue covers the inside and outside of the stomach
|
|
Epithelial
|
|
The stomach is part of the ___ system, which breaks down and absorbs food
|
|
Digestive
|
|
These store and provide energy. Made up of units of sugar.
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
Store energy, make up cell membrane and insulate.
|
|
Lipids
|
|
Made up of three molecules of ___ ___ joined to one glycerol
|
|
Fatty acids
|
|
Help build and maintain cells, made up of amino acids
|
|
Proteins
|
|
Enzymes are biological ___ that increase the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up
|
|
Catalysts
|
|
Where does the reaction actually occur on these?
|
|
Active site
|
|
The substrate must be ___ in shape to this (lock and key theory)
|
|
Complementary
|
|
When an enzyme connects to its substrate, it is called an ___ ___ ___
|
|
Enzyme substrate complex
|
|
When some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate no longer fits
|
|
Denaturing
|
|
RP: EFFECTS OF pH ON ENZYMATIC REACTIONS: Put a drop of iodine solution in each well of a ___ ___
|
|
Spotting tile
|
|
Iodine turns from orange-brown to ___ ___ when starch is present
|
|
Blue black
|
|
Heat beaker of water to __ degrees C
|
|
35
|
|
Add 1cm^3 of ___ solution with pH of choice to boiling tube, heat in beaker of water for 5mins
|
|
Buffer
|
|
Add 2 cm^3 ___ solution to the tube.
|
|
Starch
|
|
Add 2cm^3 of ___ solution to the tube, mix and start the stop clock.
|
|
Amylase
|
|
Every 30s, use a dropping ___ to take a fresh sample from the tube and put a drop in a well
|
|
Pipette
|
|
When iodine solution does not change colour, ___ is no longer present: has all been broken down. Repeat with buffer solutions of varying pH to see how it affects time taken
|
|
Starch
|
|
Starch, proteins and fats are molecules too ___ to pass through walls of digestive system
|
|
Big
|
|
Digestive enzymes break them down into smaller ___ molecules
|
|
Soluble
|
|
Breaks down starch into maltose and other sugars, such as dextrin. Made in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine.
|
|
Amylase
|
|
Convert proteins into amino acids. Made in stomach, pancreas and small intestine.
|
|
Protease
|
|
Convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. Made in the pancreas and small intestine.
|
|
Lipase
|
|
Produced in liver and stored in gall bladder
|
|
Bile
|
|
___ food leaving stomach as it's too acidic for enzymes in small intestine to work properly
|
|
Neutralises
|
|
___ fats for a larger surface area for enzymes to act on
|
|
Emulsifies
|
|
Food is chewed by teeth and mixed with ___ for swallowing, and amylase is produced by salivary glands
|
|
Saliva
|
|
In the oesophagus, ___ pushes food into the stomach
|
|
Peristalsis
|
|
In stomach, ___ acts upon proteins, holding and churning food as it's mixed with enzymes
|
|
Pepsin
|
|
___ releases enzymes into small intestine, and smaller soluble food molecules are released into the bloodstream (from the SI)
|
|
Pancreas
|
|
Water absorbed from undigested food in the ___ ___
|
|
Large intestine
|
|
Material left is stored as ___ in the rectum then passed out through the anus
|
|
Faeces
|
|
Preparing a food sample: Break up food with a ___ ___ ___
|
|
Mortar and pestle
|
|
Add ___ ___ and stir with a glass rod. Filter.
|
|
Distilled water
|
|
Testing for sugars: Transfer 5cm^3 of food sample to test tube and set water bath to ___ degrees C
|
|
75
|
|
Add some ___ reagent using a pipette, and heat for 5 minutes
|
|
Benedict's
|
|
If the food sample contains reducing sugar, solution turns from ___ to green, yellow or brick red
|
|
Blue
|
|
Starch test: Transfer 2cm^3 of food sample to test tube, and add ___ solution.
|
|
Iodine
|
|
If starch is present, the colour of the solution will change from ___ ___ to blue-black.
|
|
Orange brown
|
|
Protein test: Transfer 2cm^3 of food sample to test tube, and add ___ reagent.
|
|
Biuret's
|
|
If protein is present, solution will turn from blue to ___
|
|
Purple
|
|
Lipid test: Prepare sample of food. Add ___.
|
|
Ethanol
|
|
If sample contains lipids, a ___ ___ ___ forms.
|
|
Cloudy white emulsion
|
|
Blood cells that carry oxygen from lungs to body cells.
|
|
Red blood cells
|
|
They have a ___ disc shape = large surface area for absorbing oxygen.
|
|
Biconcave
|
|
They also have no ___ = more room to carry oxygen.
|
|
Nucleus
|
|
They contain ___.
|
|
Haemoglobin
|
|
In the lungs, this binds to oxygen, and in body tissues, the ___ splits up to release oxygen to cells.
|
|
Oxyhaemoglobin
|
|
Blood cells that defend against infection.
|
|
White blood cells
|
|
Small fragments of cell that help blood clot.
|
|
Platelets
|
|
Carries everything in blood, eg. urea, other components of blood, nutrients, carbon dioxide, hormones, proteins, antibodies, antitoxins.
|
|
Plasma
|
|
Vessels that carry blood away from heart at high pressure
|
|
Arteries
|
|
Have walls that are strong, thick, and elastic and a small ___.
|
|
Lumen
|
|
Have layers of muscle to make them strong, and ___ ___ to allow them to stretch and spring back
|
|
Elastic fibres
|
|
Vessels that carry blood very close to cells in body to exchange substances.
|
|
Capillaries
|
|
Have ___ walls 1 cell thick to allow diffusion
|
|
Permeable
|
|
Vessels that carry blood back to heart at low pressure
|
|
Veins
|
|
Have a bigger ___ to help blood flow despite low pressure.
|
|
Lumen
|
|
Have ___ to keep blood flowing in right direction.
|
|
Valves
|
|
System made up of heart, blood vessels and blood.
|
|
Circulatory
|
|
The blood flows into the ___ ___ first.
|
|
Right atrium
|
|
It comes from the ___ ___ (from the body) and the pulmonary vein (from the lungs.)
|
|
Vena cava
|
|
The atria contract, forcing blood into ____
|
|
Ventricles
|
|
These contract, forcing blood into ___ ___ (right side of heart, to lungs) and aorta (left side, to body) out of the heart.
|
|
Pulmonary artery
|
|
The ___ ___ has a thicker wall because it pumps blood at a higher pressure and therefore needs more muscle to do so.
|
|
Left ventricle
|
|
The sides of the heart are separated by the ___ which stops oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing.
|
|
Septum
|
|
Mostly made out of ___ tissue
|
|
Muscular
|
|
Has ___ so blood flows in the right direction
|
|
Valves
|
|
Has ___ ___ that branches off the aorta and surround the heart to provide supply of oxygenated blood.
|
|
Coronary arteries
|
|
___ ___ then return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
|
|
Coronary veins
|
|
Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium wall that act as a ___
|
|
Pacemaker
|
|
They produce small ___ ___ which spread to surrounding muscles, causing contraction
|
|
Electrical impulses
|
|
Device implanted into skin that has a wire going to heart. Produces current to keep heart beating regularly. ___ ___
|
|
Artificial pacemaker
|
|
Over time, valves in the body might become stuff, leak, or not open properly, making the heart less ___
|
|
Efficient
|
|
Can be replaced with ___ valves (require medication to prevent blood clots but last a long time)
|
|
Mechanical
|
|
Can also be replaced with ___ valves (don’t require medication but only last 12-15 years.)
|
|
Biological
|
|
___ hearts require lots of machinery and most patients must stay in hospital til a biological transplant
|
|
Artificial
|
|
They carry a risk of ___ ___
|
|
Blood clots
|
|
Can also be used to give a ___ heart a rest so it can recover, reducing strain on it
|
|
Diseased
|
|
Heart ___ carry a risk of rejection and the patient will have to take drugs for the rest of their life
|
|
Transplants
|
|
In the lungs: air goes in through the ___
|
|
Trachea
|
|
This splits into two ___
|
|
Bronchi
|
|
These split into progressively smaller tubes: ___
|
|
Bronchioles
|
|
End in air sacs called ___ where gas exchange occurs
|
|
Alveoli
|
|
In leaves: ___ tissue covers the leaf's surface and protects it.
|
|
Epidermal
|
|
Often secretes a substance that covers the surface of the leaf (___ ___)
|
|
Waxy cuticle
|
|
___ mesophyll contains lots of chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis
|
|
Palisade
|
|
___ mesophyll contains big air spaces and has a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier
|
|
Spongy
|
|
Diseases caused by pathogens and transmitted form person to person.
|
|
Communicable
|
|
Cannot be transmitted.
|
|
Non communicable
|
|
Pathogens that produce toxins that affect the body and make you feel ill
|
|
Bacteria
|
|
Pathogens that take over body cells and reproduce inside them, damaging/destroying them
|
|
Viruses
|
|
RP Culturing bacteria: Sterilise ___ dishes and nutrient agar.
|
|
Petri
|
|
Heat ___ ___ till red hot in a Bunsen burner (leave this on (leave this on throughout experiment to create a convection current that carries airborne pathogens away.)
|
|
Inoculating loop
|
|
Make ___ streaks of bacteria on the agar using the loop.
|
|
Zigzag
|
|
Fix the lid with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air ___ the culture, or microorganisms from the culture escaping.
|
|
Contaminating
|
|
Don't seal all the way around, as oxygen still needs to get in to prevent ___ bacteria growth
|
|
Anaerobic
|
|
Label dish and store ___ ___ to prevent condensation falling on the agar surface
|
|
Upside down
|
|
___ for a few days so microorganisms can grow.
|
|
Incubate
|
|
Disinfectant safe to use on human skin
|
|
Antiseptic
|
|
Chemicals used inside bodies to kill bacteria
|
|
Antibiotics
|
|
To investigate ___ of disinfectants and antibiotics, add soaked circles of filter paper to the culture plate.
|
|
Effectiveness
|
|
___ ___ ___ around them show where bacteria could not grow.
|
|
Zones of inhibition
|
|
The isolation of someone with an infectious disease to reduce the chance of the pathogen being passed on
|
|
Quarantine
|
|
An organism that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another
|
|
Vector
|
|
Causes fever, red skin rash, blindness, brain damage, death.
|
|
Measles
|
|
Spread by ___ in air. There is no treatment, but there is a vaccine.
|
|
Droplets
|
|
HIV/AIDS: starts with a mild, ___-like illness. Attacks immune cells.
|
|
Flu
|
|
Hides inside immune system for years after initial symptoms, until the system is so badly ___ it can no longer deal with infections or certain cancers - AIDS
|
|
Damaged
|
|
Can be slowed with ___ drugs
|
|
Antiretroviral
|
|
Spread by exchange of ___ ___ like sperm and blood, no cure/vaccine
|
|
Bodily fluids
|
|
Plant pathogen that causes distinctive mosaic discolouration on leaves as the virus destroys cells
|
|
Tobacco mosaic virus
|
|
Affects growth as affected areas don't ___
|
|
Photosynthesise
|
|
Spread by ___ ___ between diseased and healthy plant material
|
|
Direct contact
|
|
Good ___ ___ and pest control can help prevent spread
|
|
Field hygiene
|
|
Disease that disrupts balance of natural gut bacteria, causing fever, cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
|
|
Salmonella
|
|
In the UK, ___ are vaccinated against it
|
|
Poultry
|
|
To prevent food poisoning, keep ___ chicken away from cooked food, avoid washing uncooked chicken, wash hands and surfaces well after handling, cook throughly.
|
|
Raw
|
|
STD that causes thick yellow or green discharge and pain on urination
|
|
Gonorrhoea
|
|
If untreated, it causes pelvic pain, infertility, and ___ pregnancy
|
|
Ectopic
|
|
Treated with antibiotics but is becoming ___ so harder to treat
|
|
Resistant
|
|
Bacterium that causes crown galls - mass of unspecialised cells that often grow at the join between root and shoot
|
|
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
|
|
Bacteria inserts ___ into plant cells and causes a mass of new, undifferentiated, genetically modified cells to grow
|
|
Plasmids
|
|
Fungal plant disease that causes purple/black spots to develop on leaves, often causing them to turn yellow and drop early
|
|
Rose black spots
|
|
Spread by ___ carried by the wind. Can be reduced by removing and burning affected leaves and stems
|
|
Spores
|
|
Disease caused by protists
|
|
Malaria
|
|
Reproduce sexually in the female ___ mosquito and asexually in the human
|
|
Anopheles
|
|
The female mosquito needs ___ meals of human blood before laying her eggs, so protists are passed into the blood stream
|
|
2
|
|
Affects the liver and damages ___ ___ cells. Causes fever and shaking when the protists burst out of these cells
|
|
Red blood
|
|
To prevent, use ___ impregnated mosquito nets, and prevent mosquito breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill larvae
|
|
Insecticide
|
|
Organ that covers body and acts as barrier, and produces antimicrobial secretions. Also covered with microorganisms that keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier against pathogens
|
|
Skin
|
|
___ seal cuts, preventing pathogens entering the body.
|
|
Platelets
|
|
___ is full of hair and produces mucus which traps particles which may contain pathogens or irritate lungs
|
|
Nose
|
|
The ___ and bronchi also secrete mucus.
|
|
Trachea
|
|
The lining of these is covered in ___ which beat to waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it's swallowed
|
|
Cilia
|
|
Stomach produces ___ which destroys the microorganisms in the mucus you swallow and most of the ones you ingest
|
|
Acid
|
|
___ ingest the pathogens through phagocytosis and destroy them so they don't make you ill
|
|
Phagocytes
|
|
___ are specific for each type of pathogen, and bind the pathogens together and mark them for destruction
|
|
Antibodies
|
|
When your white blood cells have produced these once, they can be made very quickly if you encounter the same pathogen again - ___ cells.
|
|
Memory
|
|
Counteract toxins released by pathogens
|
|
Antitoxins
|
|
___ have sharp mouthparts that penetrate the phloem so they can feed on the sugar-rich sap of plants
|
|
Aphids
|
|
Attack in large numbers, depriving the plant cells of products of ___ and weakening the plant. Can also act as vectors
|
|
Photosynthesis
|
|
Can be destroyed with chemical ___ or by releasing aphid-eating insects like ladybirds
|
|
Pesticides
|
|
Pests such as ___ ___ and insect larvae live in the soil and feed on plant roots so they can't absorb water and mineral ions effectively
|
|
Nemotode worms
|
|
___ ions are needed to covert sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins
|
|
Nitrate
|
|
A deficiency in these will cause ___ growth and a crop won't be properly produced
|
|
Stunted
|
|
___ ions are used to make chlorophyll
|
|
Magnesium
|
|
Deficiency will cause leaves to turn yellow (___) and slower growth
|
|
Chlorosis
|
|
Cellulose ___ ___ that strengthen cells also help resist invasion by pathogens.
|
|
Cell walls
|
|
The ___ ___ on a leaf's surface acts as a barrier
|
|
Waxy cuticle
|
|
Bark on trees and a layer of dead cells on the outside of steams = a protective layer that is hard for pathogens to ___. When dead cells are shed, pathogens fall off with them
|
|
Penetrate
|
|
___ trees lose leaves in autumn, causing pathogens that affect leaves to fall off too
|
|
Deciduous
|
|
Many plants produce ___ chemicals that protect against pathogens
|
|
Antibacterial
|
|
These are often used in making medicines - mint and ___-hazel are mild antiseptics
|
|
Witch
|
|
Defences against herbivores: poisons, thorns, hairy stems/leaves to prevent eggs being ___ there
|
|
Laid
|
|
Drooping or curling when ___ to dislodge insects/frighten larger animals.
|
|
Touched
|
|
Mimicry: imitating healthy plants or mimicking ___ eggs on their surface so real ones don't get laid there
|
|
Butterfly
|
|
Introducing dead/inactive pathogen to body to stimulate immune response
|
|
Vaccination
|
|
When a large population of the population is immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced and can even disappear.
|
|
Herd immunity
|
|
Drugs that treat symptoms, but do not cure disease.
|
|
Painkillers
|
|
Drugs that work inside the body to kill bacterial cells without harming your own cells.
|
|
Antibiotics
|
|
Digitalis and digoxin from foxgloves combat ___ problems
|
|
Heart
|
|
___ originates from a compound found in willow bark
|
|
Aspirin
|
|
___ ___ discovered the first antibiotic after a spore from the Penicillium mould contaminated one of his cultures
|
|
Alexander Fleming
|
|
___ fruit is used in Costa Rican medicine and may have antibacterial properties
|
|
Noni
|
|
___ samples are being searched for helpful microorganisms
|
|
Soil
|
|
What does TED stand for? (___, ___, ___)
|
|
Toxicity, Efficacy, Dose
|
|
Trials where a lot of possible new drugs are made and tested in laboratory to see if they're toxic or effective. Then tested on animals
|
|
Preclinical
|
|
Trials of low doses on healthy people to check for side effects, then on patients to find the optimum dose and see if it's effective
|
|
Clinical
|
|
Trial with two groups. One is given the drug, one is given a placebo. Ensures that the medicine is actually effective.
|
|
Double blind
|
|
White blood cells known as ___ make antibodies but don't divide
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
___ cells divide but usually can't make antibodies
|
|
Tumour
|
|
Scientists combine the two of these to make a ___
|
|
Hybridoma
|
|
This divides to make cells that all produce the same ___, which are collected and purified
|
|
Antibody
|
|
Can be used in ___ tests binding to HCG
|
|
Pregnancy
|
|
Can bind to specific antigens found on pathogens or cancer cells to assist with ___ diseases
|
|
Diagnosing
|
|
Can measure levels of ___ in the blood, eg. in screening for HIV or illegal drug use
|
|
Hormones
|
|
Can trigger immune system to recognise, attack, and destroy ___ cells
|
|
Cancer
|
|
Can block ___ on the surface of cells to stop them growing and dividing
|
|
Receptors
|
|
Don't damage ___ cells and are specific so could treat a wide range of conditions
|
|
Healthy
|
|
Not as widely used as initially hoped. Create a lot of side effects, in part due to use of ___ cells for the lymphocyte
|
|
Mouse
|
|
Something in your life that makes you more susceptible to a disease/diseases
|
|
Risk factor
|
|
Explains how on factor influences one another through a biological process
|
|
Causal mechanism
|
|
Tumour cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control the ___ ___, dividing rapidly and not dying when necessary
|
|
Cell cycle
|
|
Tumours contained in one place, usually within a membrane
|
|
Benign
|
|
Cannot ___ other parts of the body but grow large quickly
|
|
Invade
|
|
Might be dangerous if ___ is caused on an organ (eg, on the brain)
|
|
Pressure
|
|
Tumours that can spread around the body, invading healthy tissues (cancers)
|
|
Malignant
|
|
Splitting up of original tumour, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream/lymphatic system, which circulate and may lodge in another organ
|
|
Metastasis
|
|
Therapy where cancer cells destroyed by targeted radiation doses
|
|
Radiotherapy
|
|
Chemical therapy used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self destruct
|
|
Chemotherapy
|
|
___ is the addictive chemical that is why people enjoy smoking
|
|
Nicotine
|
|
___ ___ is poisonous and takes up some of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
|
|
Carbon monoxide
|
|
In pregnancy, this might lead to stillbirths, low ___ and premature babies (as the foetus may not grow properly)
|
|
Birthweight
|
|
The cilia are ___ during smoking, allowing dirt and pathogens to move into the lungs
|
|
Anaesthetised
|
|
This turns them from pink to grey and makes smokers more prone to ___
|
|
Bronchitis
|
|
Can lead to breakdown in ___ structure, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
|
Alveoli
|
|
Nicotine makes heart rate increase while other chemicals damage artery lining, increasing risk of ___ ___ ___
|
|
Coronary heart disease
|
|
When drinking, ___ is absorbed into blood from gut and passes into tissues
|
|
Ethanol
|
|
Makes thought processes, reflexes and reactions ___ than normal. Can lead to unconsciousness/death
|
|
Slower
|
|
May cause ___ of the liver, where active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that can't carry out vital functions
|
|
Cirrhosis
|
|
Causes brain damage, making it so soft and pulpy that structures are lost and it can no longer ___ properly
|
|
Function
|
|
Alcohol passes across the ___ into the baby, affecting development of brain and body (Foetal Alcohol Syndrome)
|
|
Placenta
|
|
___ ___ penetrates cells and damages chromosomes, causing DNA mutations that might cause cancer
|
|
Ionising radiation
|
|
Particularly dangerous when ___ or breathed in as it can penetrate cells directly
|
|
Ingested
|
|
The endothermic reaction where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen
|
|
Photosynthesis
|
|
Leaves are broad for a big surface area for ___ to fall on
|
|
Light
|
|
Thin for short ___ distances
|
|
Diffusion
|
|
Chlorophyll in the ___ absorb light
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
|
Water is brought to the leaf through the ___ and products are removed in the phloem
|
|
Xylem
|
|
___ ___ allow carbon dioxide to get to cells and oxygen to leave
|
|
Air spaces
|
|
___ ___ open and close stomata to regulate gas exchange
|
|
Guard cells
|
|
___ are aquatic so are adapted to photosynthesising in water.
|
|
Algae
|
|
They absorb ___ ___ dissolved in the water around them. Also dissolves oxygen produced
|
|
Carbon dioxide
|
|
When one or more of the conditions a plant needs to photosynthesise is in short supply and limits the amount of photosynthesis a plant can manage
|
|
Limiting factor
|
|
Brighter light means a faster ___ of photosynthesis. If there's no light, it cannot happen
|
|
Rate
|
|
As temperature rises, rate increases. But reaction is controlled by ___ which are denatured around 40-50C. If temp is too high, therefore, rate falls.
|
|
Enzymes
|
|
Increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase the rate. Usually around ___%
|
|
0.04
|
|
CO2 concentrations rise in the ___ because they respire but don't photosynthesise (due to lack of light) and it's then used up in the morning
|
|
Night
|
|
Light Intensity RP: Set up boiling tube containing 45cm^3 of ___ ___ ___ solution
|
|
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
|
|
Allow to stand for a few minutes, then shake to ___ air bubbles
|
|
Disperse
|
|
Cut the top of a piece of pondweed ___
|
|
Diagonally
|
|
Place in boiling tube using forceps, cut side facing ___
|
|
Up
|
|
Position the tube so the pondweed is ___cm from the light source
|
|
10
|
|
Allow to stand for ___ minutes
|
|
5
|
|
Count the number of ___ emerging from the cut end of the stem in one minute
|
|
Bubbles
|
|
Repeat the count 5 times and take the ___
|
|
Mean
|
|
Repeat at different distances from the light source. Light intensity should be ___ proportional to the square of the distance
|
|
Inversely
|
|
Some glucose is used in respiration. Some is built into complex ___ such as cellulose
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
Stored as starch: glucose is water soluble so could affect ___ but starch isn't and therefore doesn't affect the water balance of the plant
|
|
Osmosis
|
|
Also used to make ___ ___, combining sugars with nitrate ions from the soil. These are then built up into proteins
|
|
Amino acids
|
|
Some used to build up fats and oils, often as an energy store in ___ to provide reactants for the new plant to respire as it germinates
|
|
Seeds
|
|
___ plants have adapted to live in nitrate-poor soil by obtaining nutrients from insects they catch
|
|
Carnivorous
|
|
You can use a greenhouse to provide a warm atmosphere. ___ greenhouses also control light levels and carbon dioxide concentration
|
|
Commercial
|
|
Growing plants in water instead of soil with the perfect nutrient balance instead of soil to make sure nothing slows down growth
|
|
Hydroponics
|
|
The exothermic reaction used to transfer useful energy
|
|
Respiration
|
|
The energy released by respiration is used by ___ to synthesise new molecules in the cell
|
|
Enzymes
|
|
___ respiration: glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
|
|
Aerobic
|
|
___ respiration: glucose -> lactic acid (not enough oxygen for the flucose to fully oxidise)
|
|
Anaerobic
|
|
(Above) respiration in yeast cells: glucose -> ___ + carbon dioxide
|
|
Ethanol
|
|
This reaction is called:
|
|
Fermentation
|
|
During exercise, the body needs lots of energy for muscle ___
|
|
Contraction
|
|
The body increases aerobic respiration so increases the ___ rate and volume
|
|
Breathing
|
|
The heart rate also increases to pump more ___ blood around the body
|
|
Oxygenated
|
|
Sometimes the body cannot get enough oxygen so the glucose is instead converted to ___ ___
|
|
Lactic acid
|
|
This builds up over long periods of vigorous activity and causes muscle ___, stopping the muscles from contracting efficiently
|
|
Fatigue
|
|
The body must remove the lactic acid from the muscles, creating ___ ___
|
|
Oxygen debt
|
|
This is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to break down to remove the ___ lactic acid
|
|
Accummulated
|
|
The lactic acid is transported by the blood to the liver and converted back to ___ by a series of chemical reactions
|
|
Glucose
|
|
Reacting with the accumulated lactic acid and removing it from the cells requires ___
|
|
Oxygen
|
|
The sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or the body
|
|
Metabolism
|
|
In plants: ___ is converted into cellulose, starch, or reacted with nitrate ions to make amino acids
|
|
Glucose
|
|
In humans: it is converted to ___ which is a storage form of glucose
|
|
Glycogen
|
|
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> ___ (found in the cell membrane)
|
|
Lipid
|
|
Excess proteins are broken down into the chemical ___
|
|
Urea
|
|
This is then excreted by the ___
|
|
Kidneys
|
