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Hint
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Answer
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alkene => alkane conditions: (1) ____ catalyst
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nickel
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(2) ____ degrees C temperature
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150
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(3) ____ atm pressure
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5
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or ____ catalyst under lab conditions
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platinum
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alkene => halogenoalkane: react alkene with ____
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hydrogen halide
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alkene => primary alcohol: react with water and ____
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concentrated sulfuric acid
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primary alcohol => alkene: (1) ____ catalyst
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alumina
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(2) ____ degrees C temperature
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300
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alkene => halogenoalkane: requires the halogen and ____ light
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UV/ultraviolet
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primary alcohol => halogenoalkane: reflux with (1) sodium ____
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halide
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(2) ____
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concentrated sulfuric acid
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halogenoalkane => primary alcohol: reflux with sodium ____
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hydroxide
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primary alcohol => aldehyde: reflux with ____
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acidified potassium dichromate
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aldehyde => primary alcohol: react with ____
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sodium tetrahydridoborate
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aldehyde => carboxylic acid: reflux with ____
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acidified potassium dichromate
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carboxylic acid => ester: react with alcohol in the presence of ____
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concentrated sulfuric acid
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ester => carboxylic acid: hydrolyse with ____ acid or alkali
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moderately concentrated
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carboxylic acid => acyl chloride: reflux with ____
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thionyl chloride
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acyl chloride => ester: react with ____ at room temperature
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alcohol
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halogenoalkane => nitrile: reflux with ____ in ethanol
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sodium cyanide
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halogenoalkane => amine: heat in a sealed tube with ____
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concentrated ammonia
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nitrile => carboxylic acid: reflux with ____ and water
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dilute hydrochloric acid
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CN group attached to a carbon atom
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nitrile
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CN group attached to the same carbon atom as an OH group
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cyanohydrin/hydroxynitrile
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acyl chloride => primary amide: react with ____ at room temperature
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concentrated ammonia
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acyl chloride => secondary amide: acylation with a ____
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primary amine
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Friedl Crafts alkylation: reflux with RCl and ____
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aluminium (III) chloride
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gives a ____ ring with an R group
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benzene
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Friedl Crafts acylation: reflux with ROCl or (RCO)2O and ____
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aluminium (III) chloride
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gives a ____ ring with a COR group
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benzene
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benzene => benzenesulfonic acid: reflux with ____
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concentrated H2SO4
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the electrophile here is the ____ ion which is SO2OH+ (formed by losing 1 OH group)
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sulfonium
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benzene => bromobenzene: react with bromine and ____
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iron (III) bromide
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benzene => chlorobenzene: react with chlorine and ____
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aluminium (III) chloride
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benzene => nitrobenzene: ____ mixture forms first
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nitrating
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react ____ nitric and ____ sulfuric acid to form the NO2+ electrophile
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concentrated
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keep below ____ degrees C
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55
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nitrobenzene => phenylamine: reflux with (1) ____
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tin
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(2) ____
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concentrated hydrochloric acid
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formation of a diazonium salt or ____
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diazotisation
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(1) dissolve ____
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aromatic amine
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in ____
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dilute hydrochloric acid
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(2) add cold ____
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sodium nitrate (III)
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unstable ____ forms and reacts with the NH2 group
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nitrous acid
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keep below ____ degrees C
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5
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coupling reaction: diazonium compound reacts with a ____
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coupling agent
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compound containing a relatively reactive benzene ring, usually phenol or phenylamine
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coupling agent
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aldehyde => cyanohydrin: react with HCN or more safely ____
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KCN
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Mg2+ + excess sodium hydroxide solution
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white precipitate
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Mg2+ + ammonia solution
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white precipitate
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Mg2+ + excess sulfuric acid
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no change
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Ca2+ + sodium hydroxide
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white precipitate
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Ca2+ + ammonia solution
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no change
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Ca2+ + excess sulfuric acid
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slight white precipitate
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Sr2+ + excess sodium hydroxide
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slight white precipitate
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Sr2+ + ammonia solution
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no change
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Sr2+ + excess sulfuric acid
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white precipitate
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Ba2+ + excess sodium hydroxide
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no change
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Ba2+ + ammonia solution
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no change
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Ba2+ + excess sulfuric acid
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white precipitate
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test for ammonium ions: heat with ____
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sodium hydroxide
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if ammonium is present, ____ will be liberated
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ammonia
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test for halide ions: react with ____ acid
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nitric
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and ____
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silver nitrate
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white precipitate for Cl-, cream for Br-, ____ for I-
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pale yellow
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solubility of silver halides in ammonia ____ down the group
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decreases
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test for hydroxide ions: turns ____ litmus paper blue
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red
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carbonate ion test: add dilute acid and bubble through ____
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limewater
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if present, limewater turns ____
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milky
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sulfate ion test: add dilute ____
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hydrochloric acid
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and ____
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aqueous barium chloride
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positive result: ____
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white precipitate
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aqueous NaOH + copper 2+ ions precipitate
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blue
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aqueous NaOH + iron 2+ ions precipitate
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green
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aqueous NaOH + iron 3+ ions precipitate
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orange-brown
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aqueous NaOH + chromium 3+ ions precipitate
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green
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test for nitrate: heat with ____
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sodium hydroxide
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and ____ alloy
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Devarda's
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positive result: ____ gas liberated
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ammonia
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Li+ flame test colour
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bright red
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Na+ flame test colour
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yellow
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K+ flame test colour
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lilac
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Ca2+ flame test colour
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orange red
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Ba2+ flame test colour
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green
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Cu2+ flame test colour
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blue green
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phenol test: add neutral ____
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iron (III) chloride
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positive result: turns from yellow to ____
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violet
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Pb2+ test: react with ____
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potassium iodide
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positive result is a ____
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bright yellow precipitate
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Zn2+ test: white precipitate with ____ that dissolves in excess ____
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sodium hydroxide
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bromine water decolorises in the presence of ____
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unsaturation
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Fehling's test: warm with Fehling's A and B, positive result is blue solution to ____
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brick red precipitate
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Tollen's reagent: warm in a test tube, positive result is ____ forms
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silver mirror
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ammonia gas turns damp red litmus paper ____
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blue
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