11. Atmospheric Pollution to spec

A Level Environmental Science revision

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Last updated: May 17, 2025

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Hint	Answer
Types of atmospheric pollution	Smoke
Types of atmospheric pollution	Smog
Types of atmospheric pollution	Acid rain
Types of atmospheric pollution	Tropospheric ozone
Types of atmospheric pollution	Carbon monoxide
Smoke definition (9 words)	Atmospheric particulates from incomplete combustion of carbon based materials
Human sources of PM10	Power stations
Human sources of PM10	Engine emissions
Human sources of PM10	Waste incineration
Human impacts	Respiratory diseases
Human impacts	Carcinogenic
Plant impacts	Reduced light penetration
Plant impacts	Reduced photosynthesis
Plant impacts	Toxic
How smoke causes respiratory diseases (4 words)	Kills cilia in bronchioles
PM10 Legislation + year	Clean Air Act 1956
Transport smoke controls	Diesel particulate filter
How much PM10 does DPF trap	80%
Domestic smoke controls	Smokeless fuels
Industrial smoke controls	Electrostatic precipitators
Industrial smoke controls	Cyclone separators
Industrial smoke controls	Bag filters
Industrial smoke controls	Coal treatment
Industrial smoke controls	Efficient combustion technology
Fabric filters trap...	99%
How is coal treated to create smokeless coal (4 words)	Heated to remove tar
ESP: ____ gasses are passed through a _______ ________ with _________ charged ____ and ____	effluent, filtration chamber, electrically, wires, plates
What charge does PM10 gain in ESP	Negative
What is collected from ESP	Fly ash
CS (7 words)	Cylindrical chamber with high speed rotating airflow
Smog =	Smoke + Fog
Fog production (6 words)	Cooling moist air condenses water vapour
Event thay intensifies fog	Temperature inversion
Effects of smog	High albedo
Effects of smog	Easily inhaled
Factors in photochemical smog	Climate
Factors in photochemical smog	Vehicle use
Factors in photochemical smog	Topography
Cities prone to smog	Los Angeles
Cities prone to smog	Paris
Cities prone to smog	Athens
Formation of photochemical smog	NOx and VOCs react in sunlight to create PANs
VOCs	Volatile Organic Compounds
PANs	Peroxyacetyl Nitrates
VOC example	Hydrocarbons
Controls of photochemical smog	Control primary pollutants
Source of Nitrous Oxides (5 words)	High temperature or pressure combustion
Source of Nitrous Oxides	Fertilisers
Source of Nitrous Oxides	Power stations
Source of Nitrous Oxides	Vehicle engines
Effects of Nitrous Oxides	Respiratory diseases
Effects of Nitrous Oxides	Heart disease
Effects of Nitrous Oxides	Smogs
Effects of Nitrous Oxides	Climate change
Controls of Nitrous Oxides	Catalytic converters
Controls of Nitrous Oxides	Urea sprays
Controls of Nitrous Oxides	Low temperature combustion
Controls of Nitrous Oxides	Control of fertilisers

Hint	Answer
Chemical reduction of NOx	NOx -> N2 + O2
Source of Hydrocarbons	Unburned hydrocarbons
Source of Hydrocarbons	Fossil fuel combustion
Source of Hydrocarbons	Aerosol propellants
Source of Hydrocarbons	Solvents
Effects of Hydrocarbons	Smogs
Effects of Hydrocarbons	GHGs
Controls of Hydrocarbons	Catalytic converters
Controls of Hydrocarbons	Efficient combustion technology
Controls of Hydrocarbons	Vapour collection and incineration
Controls of Hydrocarbons	Activated carbon filters
Oxidisation of HCs	HCs +O2 -> H2O + CO2
Feature of PANs	Toxic at lower concentrations
Feature of PANs	Penetrates deeper tissues
Effects of PANs	Heart attack
Effects of PANs	Emphysema
Effects of PANs	Eye irritation
Source of tropospheric ozone	Photochemical breakdown of NOx
Effects of tropospheric ozone	Respiratory diseases
Effects of tropospheric ozone	Plant toxicity
Secondary effects of tropospheric ozone (2)	Acid rain, smog
Controls of tropospheric ozone	Control of NOx
Acid rain pH	<5.6
Acids	Sulfurous acid
Acids	Sulfuric acid
Acids	Nitric acid
Acids	Hydrochloric acid
Sources of SOx (2)	Fossil fuels, volcanoes
Sources of NOx (2)	Combustion, vehicles
Sources of HCl (3)	Fossil fuels, plastics, volcanoes
Impacts on non-living objects	Corrodes metal
Impacts on non-living objects	Dissolves limestone
Direct effects of acid rain	Denatures proteins
Direct effects of acid rain	Damages exposed cells
Direct effects of acid rain	Dissolves CaCO3 exoskeletons
Direct effects of acid rain	Respiratory diseases
Indirect effects of acid rain	Leaching
Indirect effects of acid rain	Mobilises toxic ions in soil
Indirect effects of acid rain	Inhibits nutrient uptake
Indirect effects of acid rain	Inhibits enzyme action
Acid rain controls	Control primary pollutants
SOx controls	Fuel desulfurisation
SOx controls	Flue gas desulfurisation
Natural gas desulfurisation (compound removed)	Hydrogen sulfide
Coal desulfurisation: coal is _______ in a ___-_______ ____ that carries coal away, and leaves ___ ________	Crushed, fast-flowing stream, iron pyrites
Dry FGD: passed through a bed of X to produce X	Crushed calcium carbonate, solid calcium sulfur
Wet FGD: bubbled through X	Sodium sulfite solution
Source of carbon monoxide	Incomplete hydrocarbon combustion
Effects of carbon monoxide (7 words)	Binds to haemoglobin, reducing oxygen carrying capacity
Controls of carbon monoxide	Catalytic converters oxidise to CO2
Respiratory disease examples	Bronchitis
Respiratory disease examples	Asthma
Smog case study +year	London 1952
London smog causes	Anticyclonic weather
London smog causes	Low wind velocities
London smog effects	12000 deaths
London smog management	Legislation
London smog management (6 words)	Grants to change domestic heating source

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